Quiz 1 Flashcards
Traditional China:
Agrarian economy, Confucianism, tributary systems
Traditional Chinese dynasties
Emperor, merit-based bureaucracy, grass roots gentry politics
Traditional China economy
Subsistence economy, man to land ratio, extractive elites, nonvalued tech
Classes in traditional China
1) Gentry scholars (officials, landlords)
2) peasant farmers (producers, tied to land)
3) artisans (nonessential)
4) merchants (dangerous, wealthy, could not take exams)
Confucianism
Set of virtues; everyone has position= harmonious society; humanism=altruism for all, central to ideology; Justice, loyalty, filial piety; practice through ceremony (li) and punishment (fa)
Hundred schools of thought
Legalism= rule by law
Daoism= nature
Mohism= universal love
Buddhism
Why is China the center of e asia?
Age, size, wealth
Chinese world order- foreign relations
Extension of admin w/ tributary system; merchant trade, exchange gifts
Imperial China collapse bc
Traditional dynasty decline
Industrializing west & Japan
Vassal rebellions, peasant uprisings, external invasion, usurpation by powerful officials
Qing dynasty
Population growth, corruption and natural disasters, weak successor
4 great rebellions of Qing dynasty
Taiping- heartland of China, hurt economy
Nian
NW/SW Muslim- not threatening bc outskirts
Qing rebellions impact
1) economic
2) rise of han provincial leaders (local armies)
3) ideological orthodoxy: Mandate of Heaven as non-han
External challenges to Qing
Opium wars, sino-french, sino-japanese, boxer intl
Consequences of opium wars
Unequal treaty, sovereignty loss (open trade ports, extraterritoriality; no tariff control); spheres of influence & us open door policy
Treaty of Nanjing 1842
Trade ports forced open, British took Hong Kong, China pays indemnity, tariffs limited
Open door policy year
1899
Boxer rebellion
Anti-foreign, squashed by europe, us and Japan; had to pay $333 mil & allow military in Beijing; righteous & harmonious fists
3 responses in China to foreigners
Nativist: should isolate, focus on central ideology
Selective modernizer: stick to Confucianism, use tech from West, self-strengthening
Iconoclast modernizer: must establish a republic, turn to west
Xinhai Revolution
1911 wuchang uprising, founding Republic of China in 1912
Why was there a revolution in China in 1912?
Social conditions, people stopped believing Confucianism, lots of revolutionary groups, railway movement distracted the military
May fourth movement
Uni students attacked social organizations; new culture movement; Tiananmen square March–> anti-Japan
21 demands
From Japan, national humiliation, so may fourth, GMD, CCP; first attempt at mobilizing all populations
Nationalist: Sun Yat-Sen’s three principles
1) nationalism: end of foreign imperialism
2) democracy: gov by people (tutelage first, 5-Yuan system)
3) people’s livelihood: progressivism & socialism
First United front
1924-1927; CCP had propaganda and Chiang Kai-shek had military
Nanjing decade 1927-1937
Economy developed but corruption & communists; Japan invaded Manchuria-Xi’an incident-civil war-second United front-civil war-1949 PRC est
Chinese communist rise to power
1) labor mobilization
2) first United front
3) adapting to countryside (jiangxi)
4) long march
5) yan’an era
6) second civil war
CCP labor mobilization 1921-23
Proletariat was too small
First United front 1924-27
For more numbers and military protection, ended w/ communist massacre
Jiangxi soviets 1929-34
Mao dev 4 crucial ideas: land reform, political activity among peasants, govern territory under CCP, military in countryside
Long march 1935-35
Changed strategic location to Yan’an- already small communist base, beyond GMD military, allowed base in N China when Japan invaded
Yan’an Era
Growth; major developments- consolidation Mao rule, 1945 party constitution, 1942-44 thought reform
Party values: decentralized rule, ideology to keep cadre’s loyal, officials w/ broad leadership, close ties w/ local populace, egalitarianism
Second Civil war 1947
Recruited peasants w/ land reform, used geurilla warfare on CCP, chan ging negotiations
3 campaigns: liaoshen- CCP advantage bc communist north; huai-hai- Beijing surrender; pingjin
1949: GMD retreat
Chinese communist party
Rural membership, role of strategy and will, linkage with masses
Tokugawa period
1600-1868; no war
Oda nobunagawa
Ruthless, gained 1/3 Japan, 1555
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Alliance building; 1591
Tokugawa ieyasu
Began Tokugawa shogunate; reduce castles, forbade alliances, alternate attendance
Tokugawa iemitsu
1623-1651; enforced political settlements
3 daimyo in Tokugawa period
Fudai: hereditary vassals of Tokugawa; filled admin ranks
Tozama: outsiders, were equals before est. Shogunate, so were excluded
Shinpan: non-daimyo relatives of Tokugawa shoguns, did not have a place in bureaucracy
1800s crisis of Tokugawa shogunate
Internal: ecological, merit v hereditary succession, debt
External:
1853: matthew perry from U.S. demands trade
1858: treaty of kanagawa
Massive inflation-> protests
1858 treaty of kanagawa
Open ports, limit tariffs, extended to France, Britain, Russia
Who fought in Tokugawa 1800s
Ruling bafuku, powerful daimyo, loyalist samurai
Satsuma & Croshu insurgency
Loyalist samurai civil war; Tokugawa steps down 1867, 1868 Meiji restoration
How did Meiji restoration modernize and westernize?
Constitutional diet; power consolidation; enhance emperor authority; civil service exam; abolish daimyo domains/feudal system; eliminate status system (changed ranking); samurais lost income and prestige; modern education system; strong army (conscription, navy)
Charter oath of 1868
All matters are public discussion
1889 constitution
Drafted in private; v symbolic
Economic reforms in Meiji restoration
1875 introduce land tax
Building up infrastructure
State has central role, building up enterprises
Meiji imperialism
1876 treaty of kangwha opened up 3 ports; military advisors to korea to rid Qing; 1885 Osaka incident 1874 Taiwan conflict Sino-japanese war Russo-japanese war 1910 annex korea
China v Japan on modernizing
China would not adapt; nativism
Japan wanted to learn, join europe
Meiji diet
House of rep- 1/3 former samurai; elected
House of peers- not elected
How did Meiji create nationalism?
Shinto shrines must register to home ministry; ministry of education
Taisho era
1914; parliamentary politics formed by parties
Taisho parties
Seiyukai, kenseika, minseito
Why did parliamentary politicos work in taisho era?
Partners with bureaucrats and military
Shared social terms with elites
Pork barrell
Why did parliamentary politics not work in taisho era?
Emperor’s rule is only constitutional; military and bureaucracy are not accountable; structural issues (house of peers not elected, oligarchs/elder statesmen, political terror); ideological challenges
Why did taisho era end?
Great Depression + return of gold standard
Kwangtung army in Manchuria- more aggressive, but helped economy
Social masses party Japan
Purification campaigns; used authoritarian rule
Sino-japanese war
1937-1945; Marco Polo bridge began
What allowed japanese gov in WWII
Economic: industry monopolies
Political: Japan gov cohesive like nazi’s
Cultural: fight modernity
