Midterm Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Traditional China 4 categories of people
A
Gentry scholars, peasant farmers, artisans/craftsmen, merchants and traders
2
Q
Dynasties with highly commercialized economies
A
Song, Ming, Qing
3
Q
Confucianism
A
Ethical philosophy, set of values to pursue and principles to follow
4
Q
Core elements of Confucianism
A
Humanism, righteousness and justice, loyalty, filial piety
5
Q
Humanism
A
Altruism and love for others
6
Q
How to practice Confucian principles
A
Li (rites/ceremonies)
7
Q
Hundred schools of thought
A
Legalism, daoism, mohism, Buddhism
8
Q
Legalism
A
Rule by law
9
Q
Daoism
A
Back to nature
10
Q
Mohism
A
Universal love
11
Q
Ideological limitation for emperors rule
A
Mandate of Heaven
12
Q
Ideological mandate for bureaucratic rule
A
Merit, imperial examination system
13
Q
Inner court
A
Relatives of imperial family, concubines, eunuchs
14
Q
Outer court
A
Bureaucrats
15
Q
Social system of traditional China
A
Political system=family system unit large
Confucianism=collective ethos by family
Family=situation-oriented, dependent personality
16
Q
What was the economy in traditional China?
A
Agrarian, subsistence-level w/ extractive elites and tech innovation not valued
17
Q
Direct reasons why chinese dynasties fell
A
Vassal rebellions, peasant uprisings, external invasion, usurpation by powerful officials; v mandate lost
18
Q
Qing dynasty domestic rebellions
A
Taiping, Nian, S/NW Muslim
19
Q
Impact of Qing domestic rebellions
A
Economic, rise of han provincial leaders, ideological orthodoxy-mandate with non-Han
20
Q
Qing imperialist challenges
A
opium, Sino-french, Sino-japanese, boxer
21
Q
Consequences of Qing imperialist challenges
A
Unequal treaties, challenge China sovereignty, loss of periphery territories, China divided into spheres of influence
22
Q
How was China’s sovereignty challenged?
A
Forced open trade ports, extraterritoriality, war indemnity, lost tariff control
23
Q
Treaty of Nanking
A
Trade ports forced open, GB got HK, China must pay indemnity and limit tariffs
24
Q
Open door policy
A
Preserve integrity of Qing, free use of treaty ports, nations can trade equally with China
25
Why open door policy?
Fear that China gets carved up
26
Impact of open door policy?
Left China's independence and territory intact; endorsed but not followed strictly
27
Boxer rebellion
Demanded that foreigners leave China, killed 300 and vandalized
28
Why boxer rebellion?
Resented foreign influence; tacit support from Qing
29
Consequences of boxer rebellion
US, Japan put down; China pays $300 mil; militaries in Beijing and Tianjin
30
Why did Qing's collapse change China's social structure?
Collapse of Confucian ideology, introduction of modern industries, weakened Manchuria imperial court
31
How did China's social structure change following Qing's collapse?
Disintegration of scholar-gentry elite; rise of han officials/han nationalism; rise of new industrial military, intellectual elites; rise of urban industrial proletariat
32
Xinhai Revolution
Bomb goes off, spontaneous uprising in Wuchang, within months provinces declare independence and ROC est
33
Two factors contributing to imperial China collapse
Traditional forces of dynastic decline and impact of industrial west and Japan
34
decline of Qing due to
Rapid population growth, corruption worsening natural disasters, weak successors
35
Impact of rebellions on Qing collapse
Provincial leaders develop armies, taxable land destroyed led to financial issues, ideological prestige of courts damaged
36
3 strategies of China for prosperity and security
Nativist- to isolate China
Selective modernizer- Confucian and western technology
Iconoclastic modernizer- need fundamental changes to political system
37
How did the xinhai revolution happen?
Social conditions, ideological preparation, organizational preparation, railway protection movement
38
Sun Yat-Sen's 3 principles of the people
Nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood
39
Sun Yat-sen's nationalism principle
End foreign imperialism
40
Sun Yat-sen's democracy principle
Tutelage period then government by people; 5-Yuan system
41
Sun Yat-Sen's people's livelihood principle
Progressivism and socialism; land to tillers, common ownership, achieved gradually
42
Yuan Shi-Kai era
Yuan is president, deadlock with parliament so "2nd revolution"; yuan becomes emperor then dies
43
Why was there a warlordism period in China?
Yuan death and weak central leadership
44
Precipating factor of May 4 movement:
National humiliation because 21 demands and treaty of Versailles
45
21 demands
Japan tries to make China a procterate
46
Treaty of Versailles
China could not abolish concessions
47
May 4 movement
Students protest
48
1st United front
CCP had propaganda and mobilized workers and peasants; Chiang Kai-shek had military force
49
KMT golden decade accomplishments
China unified/warlords defeated; economy developed
50
Challenges to KMT rule
Corruption/organizational weakness, communists, japanese
51
Mukden incident
Japan invaded Manchuria
52
Marco Polo bridge incident
1937; began was w/ China and Japan
53
Daimyo
Hereditary; economic/military/police powers
54
Samurai
Aristocracy
55
Pre-Tokugawa culture
Buddhism, Confucianism, Shinto
56
Pre-Tokugawa external relations
China- tributary; korea- attempts to invade; west- limited to missionaries and trade
57
First shogun
Tokugawa ieyasu
58
How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with imperial family?
enhance prestige, control emperor
59
How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with daimyo?
: 1 castle per domain, oath of loyalty, forbade alliances, approve marriage, relocate, alternate attendance
60
Fudai
Hereditary, filled administration
61
Roxana
Outsiders
62
Shinpan
Non-daimyo relatives
63
How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with samurai?
Detach from land and sword
64
How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with commoners?
Registration
65
How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with outside?
Closed country
66
Tokugawa internal crises:
Ecological, merit v hereditary, debt
67
Tokugawa external crises
Perry expedition/treaty of kanagawa
68
Treaty of kanagawa
Open ports to trade, limit tariffs, extraterritoriality
69
Impact of external crises of Tokugawa
Economic instability led to social unrest, bafuku weakness, anti-Tokugawa daimyo, increase power/autonomy of daimyo
70
Why could bafuku reforms not save itself?
Powerful daimyos would not subordinate and samurai reforms/consolidated power to defeat Tokugawa
71
How did the Meiji restoration modernize and westernize?
Constitution (German) Diet, abolishing feudal system, strong army (conscription, modern army/navy), emperor legal authority enhanced, modern education system, rich (tax reform, modern banking, industrialization)
72
Charter oath
1968; national deliberative assembly, not elected, 2 houses
73
Meiji constitution
1869; consultative assembly
74
Meiji restoration economic reform
Land tax, build infrastructure, establish and run enterprises
75
Why did Meiji restoration establish and run enterprises?
Foreign capital dangerous, private sector lacks know-how
76
Result of Meiji restoration private enterprises
Lost $ so privatized leading to zaibatsu
77
Japan's trajectory to militarism and imperialism
```
1870s-1880s try to invade korea
1874 expedition to Taiwan
1894-95 Sino-japanese war
1904-05 Russo-japanese war
1910 annex korea
```
78
Issues in korea
Military advisors sent to King Kojong and were killed, so a reformist backed by Japan Kim Ok-Kyun tried to kill King, Koreans retaliated
79
Osaka incident
1885; japanese police secret mission to Korean stopped by Meiji gov, had to pull out military
80
Tonghak peasant rebellion in Korea
Japan sent troops and took over palace, declared war on China-> Sino-Japanese war
81
Meiji diet politics
Bicameral; House of Representatives elected, 1/3 samurai and House of Peers
82
controversial issues of Meiji diet
Weak factory protections, unfair household tax, lack of suffrage
83
Tokyo riots
1905 because Russo war was expensive and deadly
84
Politics of taisho democracy
Popular support; compromises
85
3 parties of taisho democracy
Seiyukai, kensekai, minseito
86
Why did parliamentary politics work in taisho democracy?
allies with bureaucrats and military; shared social terms with elites; pork-barrel; shared political attitudes
87
Why did parliamentary politics fail in taisho democracy?
Emperor's constitutional role; no accountability for military and bureaucracy; oligarchs/elder statesmen; political terror; ideological challenges
88
End of taisho democracy because of
Great Depression, increased social conflict, increase military influence, political terror
89
Military-centers Japan
Decreased party influence, increases military influence, expansion in China
90
New order in Japan
Mobilize for war; industry monopolies; cohesive party; fight of modernity
91
How did the May 4 movement lead to communism in China?
Rise of nationalism, first mass movement, ideological and organizational preparation
92
Legacies of revolutionary struggle
Communist China and ROC in Taiwan, different pattern than Russia, Mao's status, party controls military, party has rural membership, survived hardship, campaigns, linkage with masses
93
Paths to power of CCP
Labor mobilization, United front with GMD, adapt to countryside, long march, Yan'an era, fighting a civil war
94
Jingang Mountains, Mao's 4 crucial ideas
Land reform, politics among peasants, govern territory under CCP, military in countryside
95
Long march
Mao gained leadership, became heroic myth, strategic location to Yan'an
96
Why was Yan'an a good strategic location?
Small communist base, beyond GMD military, base in N China once Japan drove out GMD
97
Yan'an era major developments
Consolidate Mao's personal rule, party constitution, thought reform
98
Yan'an Complex/party values
Decentralized rule, ideology to keep cadres loyal, close ties with local populace, officials with broad leadership, egalitarianism
99
GMD/CCP civil war
Japan collapse, GMD attains CCP in cities, CCP recruits peasants with land reform and uses guerrilla war; Huai-Hai campaign drove out of Beijing, then CCP switched to conventional warfare, rehab economy and undid land reform
100
How did CCP rise to power?
Political mobilization, GMD lacks focus, Japan invasion
101
Immediate impacts of japanese surrender
Erasing evidence, "recreation and amusement centers", economic opportunities/entrepreneurship, food shortages
102
American demilitarization of Japan
Disband armed forces and higher police, Tokyo trial, "clean the soil of militarism"
103
"Clean the soil of militarism"
Smash authoritarian rule, equalize political rights and wealth, transform values
104
American democratization of Japan
Peace construction, reform zaibatsu, reform school system
105
1955 system
LD+DP=LDP; iron triangle
106
Why american reverse course with Japan?
Cold War and communist expansion
107
American shift in policy in japan with reverse course
Scale back dissolving zaibatsu, weaken labor movements, national police force, crackdown JCP
108
Problems remaining in Japan after american occupation
Okinawa, ROC/PRC not present, SU walk out
109
Economic recovery in Japan after WWII
Primary production program, dodge line: balance budget, suspend state loans, abolish state subsidies; Korean War: american military orders
110
Japan postwar constitution
Universal suffrage, emperor is symbolic only, bill of rights, abolished peerage, outlaw war
111
Japan post-war diet
House of reps and house of councilors
112
Constitutional monarchy in Japan 1955 system
Constitution, emperor, parliamentary democracy (Diet and cabinet and PM
113
House of Representatives in Japan pre-reform
4 year term can be dissolved, single non-transferable vote
114
Single non-transferable vote
Several seats per district, voter gets one vote, top candidates elected
115
Factors eroding Japan 1955 system
Corruption scandals, economic bubble, welfare to aging society, momentum to electoral reform
116
Political struggles in 1950s and 1960s
Constitution: role of emperor, prohibition on military, US relations: independence, peace movement, nuclear disarmament, labor movement: cooperative and militant unions
117
Politics of accommodation 1960s and 1970s
Income doubling plan, LDP grow base with farmers and workers
118
Japan's relations with US
Interdependence, Okinawa returned, 1971 Nixon shocks, trade disputes
119
Trade disputes between Japan and US
Japan made concessions (companies produce in US), 1988 super 301 clause, 1985 plaza accord
120
1988 super 301 clause
Asking Japan to constrain exports to US and open its domestic markets
121
1985 plaza accord
Appreciate Yen 100%, products more expensive and less competitive
122
Relations with Asia and Japan 1955 system
Improve with investment, official development assistance (ODA)
123
Features of formal authority structure of PRC
Dual rule of party and state, party leading role, standing office system for delegation of authority and hierarchical structure of authority: vertical lines and horizontal blocks
124
Organizational principles of CCP
Democratic centralism, collective leadership, and mass line
125
CCP strategies
survived hardship: strategy and will; adaptability, strength to overcome difficulties, campaigns: political organizational and spiritual strength, and linkage with masses
126
Why did CCP continue the revolution?
Mobilize mass support for national construction, to transform China into a communist society and suppress regime opponents
127
Functional pre-requisites for continuing revolution
Charismatic leadership, mass mobilization, structure of authority: party-state and military
128
Sources of Mo thought
Marxism-Leninism and Chinese history
129
Features of Maoism
Prominence of ideology, voluntarism, contradictions (solve with struggle), class struggle (social relations by personal ties, political attitude to class status), mass line and anti-intellectualism, self-reliance
130
3 anti
Anti-corruption, anti-waste, anti-bureaucracy
131
5 anti
Anti-bribery, anti-theft of state property, anti-tax evasion, anti-cheating gov contracts, anti-stealing state econ info
132
Consequences of Great Leap Forward
Economic disaster, great famine, Mao criticized
133
4 clean ups following Great Leap Forward
Countryside- accounts, inventory, financial affairs, work points
Urban- politics, economy, organization, ideology
134
Consequences of 4 cleanups
Failure so led to cultural revolution
135
Treaty of shimonoseiki
Following first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan to Japan
136
KMT retreat to Taiwan
Moving wealth, declaring martial law, tutelage period, reconstruct the party to grow membership, freeze out Taiwanese
137
Reasons for Taiwan economic development
Reduce barriers of education and entrepreneurship, admin guide economic development, US and foreign support
138
How did Taiwan admin guide economic development?
Import substitution strategy, land reform
139
Taiwan land reform
Rent reduction, sale of public lands, land to tiller
140
Japanese colonial period of korea
South- agricultural, north- industrial; recruit Korean soldiers to army; "comfort women"; modern education
141
Korean War
South collapse within days-> UN/UN intervention->containment->armistice
142
Kim Il-Sung
Founder, 1st and only President
143
Kim Jung-Il
Dear leader
144
Kim Jong-Un
Current supreme leader
145
Supreme People's Assembly
DPRK's legislative body; 687 seats, 5 yr terms, picked by Democratic Front for Reunification of the Fatherland (coalition)
146
DPRK ideological foundation
Chuch'e, mass line, songun, personality cult
147
Chuch'e
Self-reliance in defense, Independence in politics, self-sustaining economy
148
Songun
Military comes first
149
SK 1st Republic
1948-1960; american influence, democratic system, civil rights, strong president
150
South Korea constitution
July 12, 1948
151
Syngman Rhee
First elected President of SK; machiavellie autocrat; SK nonfunctioning, dependent on US aid, rebellions-> suppress civil rights
152
SK 2nd Republic
1960-61; came from 1960 Righteous Student Uprising; more free, short lived
153
1960 righteous student uprising causes
Rhee election fraud and student death
154
SK 1960 constitution
Bicameral, responsive cabinet, more civil liberties
155
SK 3rd republic
1963-72; from Park Chung-Lee military coup
156
SK 4th republic
1972-79; economic takeoff
157
Yusin constitution
SK 4th republic; increases Park's control, permanent presidency
158
Why did SK 4th republic see an economic takeoff?
5 year plans, import substitution, Japan and US aid
159
SK 5th republic
1979-87; Chun- Doo-hwan took over in a coup; Gwangju Democratization Movement; new constitution
160
Gwangju democratization movement
Students v police-> citywide protests->Gwangju massacre->Chub dissolved National Assembly and created national defense emergency policy committee
161
SK 5th republic constitution
President has indirect election and 1 7-yr term
162
SK 6th republic
1987- ; democratization, Roh-Tae-Woo, constitutional referendum for presidential direct election
163
NK path of development
Industrialization, rapid 1950s-1970s then slow down; agricultural development- mechanization, fertilizer, irrigation; famine since 1990s
164
SK path of development
Slow down with Rhee; growth with Park and Chun; industrialized because import-substitution, US/Japan capital and chaebols
165
Chaebols
SK business conglomerate; developed new relations with government and source of growth
