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E Asian Poli Systems > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Traditional China 4 categories of people

A

Gentry scholars, peasant farmers, artisans/craftsmen, merchants and traders

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2
Q

Dynasties with highly commercialized economies

A

Song, Ming, Qing

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3
Q

Confucianism

A

Ethical philosophy, set of values to pursue and principles to follow

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4
Q

Core elements of Confucianism

A

Humanism, righteousness and justice, loyalty, filial piety

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5
Q

Humanism

A

Altruism and love for others

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6
Q

How to practice Confucian principles

A

Li (rites/ceremonies)

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7
Q

Hundred schools of thought

A

Legalism, daoism, mohism, Buddhism

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8
Q

Legalism

A

Rule by law

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9
Q

Daoism

A

Back to nature

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10
Q

Mohism

A

Universal love

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11
Q

Ideological limitation for emperors rule

A

Mandate of Heaven

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12
Q

Ideological mandate for bureaucratic rule

A

Merit, imperial examination system

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13
Q

Inner court

A

Relatives of imperial family, concubines, eunuchs

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14
Q

Outer court

A

Bureaucrats

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15
Q

Social system of traditional China

A

Political system=family system unit large
Confucianism=collective ethos by family
Family=situation-oriented, dependent personality

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16
Q

What was the economy in traditional China?

A

Agrarian, subsistence-level w/ extractive elites and tech innovation not valued

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17
Q

Direct reasons why chinese dynasties fell

A

Vassal rebellions, peasant uprisings, external invasion, usurpation by powerful officials; v mandate lost

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18
Q

Qing dynasty domestic rebellions

A

Taiping, Nian, S/NW Muslim

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19
Q

Impact of Qing domestic rebellions

A

Economic, rise of han provincial leaders, ideological orthodoxy-mandate with non-Han

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20
Q

Qing imperialist challenges

A

opium, Sino-french, Sino-japanese, boxer

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21
Q

Consequences of Qing imperialist challenges

A

Unequal treaties, challenge China sovereignty, loss of periphery territories, China divided into spheres of influence

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22
Q

How was China’s sovereignty challenged?

A

Forced open trade ports, extraterritoriality, war indemnity, lost tariff control

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23
Q

Treaty of Nanking

A

Trade ports forced open, GB got HK, China must pay indemnity and limit tariffs

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24
Q

Open door policy

A

Preserve integrity of Qing, free use of treaty ports, nations can trade equally with China

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25
Q

Why open door policy?

A

Fear that China gets carved up

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26
Q

Impact of open door policy?

A

Left China’s independence and territory intact; endorsed but not followed strictly

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27
Q

Boxer rebellion

A

Demanded that foreigners leave China, killed 300 and vandalized

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28
Q

Why boxer rebellion?

A

Resented foreign influence; tacit support from Qing

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29
Q

Consequences of boxer rebellion

A

US, Japan put down; China pays $300 mil; militaries in Beijing and Tianjin

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30
Q

Why did Qing’s collapse change China’s social structure?

A

Collapse of Confucian ideology, introduction of modern industries, weakened Manchuria imperial court

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31
Q

How did China’s social structure change following Qing’s collapse?

A

Disintegration of scholar-gentry elite; rise of han officials/han nationalism; rise of new industrial military, intellectual elites; rise of urban industrial proletariat

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32
Q

Xinhai Revolution

A

Bomb goes off, spontaneous uprising in Wuchang, within months provinces declare independence and ROC est

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33
Q

Two factors contributing to imperial China collapse

A

Traditional forces of dynastic decline and impact of industrial west and Japan

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34
Q

decline of Qing due to

A

Rapid population growth, corruption worsening natural disasters, weak successors

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35
Q

Impact of rebellions on Qing collapse

A

Provincial leaders develop armies, taxable land destroyed led to financial issues, ideological prestige of courts damaged

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36
Q

3 strategies of China for prosperity and security

A

Nativist- to isolate China
Selective modernizer- Confucian and western technology
Iconoclastic modernizer- need fundamental changes to political system

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37
Q

How did the xinhai revolution happen?

A

Social conditions, ideological preparation, organizational preparation, railway protection movement

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38
Q

Sun Yat-Sen’s 3 principles of the people

A

Nationalism, democracy, people’s livelihood

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39
Q

Sun Yat-sen’s nationalism principle

A

End foreign imperialism

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40
Q

Sun Yat-sen’s democracy principle

A

Tutelage period then government by people; 5-Yuan system

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41
Q

Sun Yat-Sen’s people’s livelihood principle

A

Progressivism and socialism; land to tillers, common ownership, achieved gradually

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42
Q

Yuan Shi-Kai era

A

Yuan is president, deadlock with parliament so “2nd revolution”; yuan becomes emperor then dies

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43
Q

Why was there a warlordism period in China?

A

Yuan death and weak central leadership

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44
Q

Precipating factor of May 4 movement:

A

National humiliation because 21 demands and treaty of Versailles

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45
Q

21 demands

A

Japan tries to make China a procterate

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46
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

China could not abolish concessions

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47
Q

May 4 movement

A

Students protest

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48
Q

1st United front

A

CCP had propaganda and mobilized workers and peasants; Chiang Kai-shek had military force

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49
Q

KMT golden decade accomplishments

A

China unified/warlords defeated; economy developed

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50
Q

Challenges to KMT rule

A

Corruption/organizational weakness, communists, japanese

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51
Q

Mukden incident

A

Japan invaded Manchuria

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52
Q

Marco Polo bridge incident

A

1937; began was w/ China and Japan

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53
Q

Daimyo

A

Hereditary; economic/military/police powers

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54
Q

Samurai

A

Aristocracy

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55
Q

Pre-Tokugawa culture

A

Buddhism, Confucianism, Shinto

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56
Q

Pre-Tokugawa external relations

A

China- tributary; korea- attempts to invade; west- limited to missionaries and trade

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57
Q

First shogun

A

Tokugawa ieyasu

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58
Q

How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with imperial family?

A

enhance prestige, control emperor

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59
Q

How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with daimyo?

A

: 1 castle per domain, oath of loyalty, forbade alliances, approve marriage, relocate, alternate attendance

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60
Q

Fudai

A

Hereditary, filled administration

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61
Q

Roxana

A

Outsiders

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62
Q

Shinpan

A

Non-daimyo relatives

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63
Q

How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with samurai?

A

Detach from land and sword

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64
Q

How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with commoners?

A

Registration

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65
Q

How did the Tokugawa shogunate consolidate rule with outside?

A

Closed country

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66
Q

Tokugawa internal crises:

A

Ecological, merit v hereditary, debt

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67
Q

Tokugawa external crises

A

Perry expedition/treaty of kanagawa

68
Q

Treaty of kanagawa

A

Open ports to trade, limit tariffs, extraterritoriality

69
Q

Impact of external crises of Tokugawa

A

Economic instability led to social unrest, bafuku weakness, anti-Tokugawa daimyo, increase power/autonomy of daimyo

70
Q

Why could bafuku reforms not save itself?

A

Powerful daimyos would not subordinate and samurai reforms/consolidated power to defeat Tokugawa

71
Q

How did the Meiji restoration modernize and westernize?

A

Constitution (German) Diet, abolishing feudal system, strong army (conscription, modern army/navy), emperor legal authority enhanced, modern education system, rich (tax reform, modern banking, industrialization)

72
Q

Charter oath

A

1968; national deliberative assembly, not elected, 2 houses

73
Q

Meiji constitution

A

1869; consultative assembly

74
Q

Meiji restoration economic reform

A

Land tax, build infrastructure, establish and run enterprises

75
Q

Why did Meiji restoration establish and run enterprises?

A

Foreign capital dangerous, private sector lacks know-how

76
Q

Result of Meiji restoration private enterprises

A

Lost $ so privatized leading to zaibatsu

77
Q

Japan’s trajectory to militarism and imperialism

A 
1870s-1880s try to invade korea
1874 expedition to Taiwan
1894-95 Sino-japanese war
1904-05 Russo-japanese war
1910 annex korea
78
Q

Issues in korea

A

Military advisors sent to King Kojong and were killed, so a reformist backed by Japan Kim Ok-Kyun tried to kill King, Koreans retaliated

79
Q

Osaka incident

A

1885; japanese police secret mission to Korean stopped by Meiji gov, had to pull out military

80
Q

Tonghak peasant rebellion in Korea

A

Japan sent troops and took over palace, declared war on China-> Sino-Japanese war

81
Q

Meiji diet politics

A

Bicameral; House of Representatives elected, 1/3 samurai and House of Peers

82
Q

controversial issues of Meiji diet

A

Weak factory protections, unfair household tax, lack of suffrage

83
Q

Tokyo riots

A

1905 because Russo war was expensive and deadly

84
Q

Politics of taisho democracy

A

Popular support; compromises

85
Q

3 parties of taisho democracy

A

Seiyukai, kensekai, minseito

86
Q

Why did parliamentary politics work in taisho democracy?

A

allies with bureaucrats and military; shared social terms with elites; pork-barrel; shared political attitudes

87
Q

Why did parliamentary politics fail in taisho democracy?

A

Emperor’s constitutional role; no accountability for military and bureaucracy; oligarchs/elder statesmen; political terror; ideological challenges

88
Q

End of taisho democracy because of

A

Great Depression, increased social conflict, increase military influence, political terror

89
Q

Military-centers Japan

A

Decreased party influence, increases military influence, expansion in China

90
Q

New order in Japan

A

Mobilize for war; industry monopolies; cohesive party; fight of modernity

91
Q

How did the May 4 movement lead to communism in China?

A

Rise of nationalism, first mass movement, ideological and organizational preparation

92
Q

Legacies of revolutionary struggle

A

Communist China and ROC in Taiwan, different pattern than Russia, Mao’s status, party controls military, party has rural membership, survived hardship, campaigns, linkage with masses

93
Q

Paths to power of CCP

A

Labor mobilization, United front with GMD, adapt to countryside, long march, Yan’an era, fighting a civil war

94
Q

Jingang Mountains, Mao’s 4 crucial ideas

A

Land reform, politics among peasants, govern territory under CCP, military in countryside

95
Q

Long march

A

Mao gained leadership, became heroic myth, strategic location to Yan’an

96
Q

Why was Yan’an a good strategic location?

A

Small communist base, beyond GMD military, base in N China once Japan drove out GMD

97
Q

Yan’an era major developments

A

Consolidate Mao’s personal rule, party constitution, thought reform

98
Q

Yan’an Complex/party values

A

Decentralized rule, ideology to keep cadres loyal, close ties with local populace, officials with broad leadership, egalitarianism

99
Q

GMD/CCP civil war

A

Japan collapse, GMD attains CCP in cities, CCP recruits peasants with land reform and uses guerrilla war; Huai-Hai campaign drove out of Beijing, then CCP switched to conventional warfare, rehab economy and undid land reform

100
Q

How did CCP rise to power?

A

Political mobilization, GMD lacks focus, Japan invasion

101
Q

Immediate impacts of japanese surrender

A

Erasing evidence, “recreation and amusement centers”, economic opportunities/entrepreneurship, food shortages

102
Q

American demilitarization of Japan

A

Disband armed forces and higher police, Tokyo trial, “clean the soil of militarism”

103
Q

“Clean the soil of militarism”

A

Smash authoritarian rule, equalize political rights and wealth, transform values

104
Q

American democratization of Japan

A

Peace construction, reform zaibatsu, reform school system

105
Q

1955 system

A

LD+DP=LDP; iron triangle

106
Q

Why american reverse course with Japan?

A

Cold War and communist expansion

107
Q

American shift in policy in japan with reverse course

A

Scale back dissolving zaibatsu, weaken labor movements, national police force, crackdown JCP

108
Q

Problems remaining in Japan after american occupation

A

Okinawa, ROC/PRC not present, SU walk out

109
Q

Economic recovery in Japan after WWII

A

Primary production program, dodge line: balance budget, suspend state loans, abolish state subsidies; Korean War: american military orders

110
Q

Japan postwar constitution

A

Universal suffrage, emperor is symbolic only, bill of rights, abolished peerage, outlaw war

111
Q

Japan post-war diet

A

House of reps and house of councilors

112
Q

Constitutional monarchy in Japan 1955 system

A

Constitution, emperor, parliamentary democracy (Diet and cabinet and PM

113
Q

House of Representatives in Japan pre-reform

A

4 year term can be dissolved, single non-transferable vote

114
Q

Single non-transferable vote

A

Several seats per district, voter gets one vote, top candidates elected

115
Q

Factors eroding Japan 1955 system

A

Corruption scandals, economic bubble, welfare to aging society, momentum to electoral reform

116
Q

Political struggles in 1950s and 1960s

A

Constitution: role of emperor, prohibition on military, US relations: independence, peace movement, nuclear disarmament, labor movement: cooperative and militant unions

117
Q

Politics of accommodation 1960s and 1970s

A

Income doubling plan, LDP grow base with farmers and workers

118
Q

Japan’s relations with US

A

Interdependence, Okinawa returned, 1971 Nixon shocks, trade disputes

119
Q

Trade disputes between Japan and US

A

Japan made concessions (companies produce in US), 1988 super 301 clause, 1985 plaza accord

120
Q

1988 super 301 clause

A

Asking Japan to constrain exports to US and open its domestic markets

121
Q

1985 plaza accord

A

Appreciate Yen 100%, products more expensive and less competitive

122
Q

Relations with Asia and Japan 1955 system

A

Improve with investment, official development assistance (ODA)

123
Q

Features of formal authority structure of PRC

A

Dual rule of party and state, party leading role, standing office system for delegation of authority and hierarchical structure of authority: vertical lines and horizontal blocks

124
Q

Organizational principles of CCP

A

Democratic centralism, collective leadership, and mass line

125
Q

CCP strategies

A

survived hardship: strategy and will; adaptability, strength to overcome difficulties, campaigns: political organizational and spiritual strength, and linkage with masses

126
Q

Why did CCP continue the revolution?

A

Mobilize mass support for national construction, to transform China into a communist society and suppress regime opponents

127
Q

Functional pre-requisites for continuing revolution

A

Charismatic leadership, mass mobilization, structure of authority: party-state and military

128
Q

Sources of Mo thought

A

Marxism-Leninism and Chinese history

129
Q

Features of Maoism

A

Prominence of ideology, voluntarism, contradictions (solve with struggle), class struggle (social relations by personal ties, political attitude to class status), mass line and anti-intellectualism, self-reliance

130
Q

3 anti

A

Anti-corruption, anti-waste, anti-bureaucracy

131
Q

5 anti

A

Anti-bribery, anti-theft of state property, anti-tax evasion, anti-cheating gov contracts, anti-stealing state econ info

132
Q

Consequences of Great Leap Forward

A

Economic disaster, great famine, Mao criticized

133
Q

4 clean ups following Great Leap Forward

A

Countryside- accounts, inventory, financial affairs, work points
Urban- politics, economy, organization, ideology

134
Q

Consequences of 4 cleanups

A

Failure so led to cultural revolution

135
Q

Treaty of shimonoseiki

A

Following first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan to Japan

136
Q

KMT retreat to Taiwan

A

Moving wealth, declaring martial law, tutelage period, reconstruct the party to grow membership, freeze out Taiwanese

137
Q

Reasons for Taiwan economic development

A

Reduce barriers of education and entrepreneurship, admin guide economic development, US and foreign support

138
Q

How did Taiwan admin guide economic development?

A

Import substitution strategy, land reform

139
Q

Taiwan land reform

A

Rent reduction, sale of public lands, land to tiller

140
Q

Japanese colonial period of korea

A

South- agricultural, north- industrial; recruit Korean soldiers to army; “comfort women”; modern education

141
Q

Korean War

A

South collapse within days-> UN/UN intervention->containment->armistice

142
Q

Kim Il-Sung

A

Founder, 1st and only President

143
Q

Kim Jung-Il

A

Dear leader

144
Q

Kim Jong-Un

A

Current supreme leader

145
Q

Supreme People’s Assembly

A

DPRK’s legislative body; 687 seats, 5 yr terms, picked by Democratic Front for Reunification of the Fatherland (coalition)

146
Q

DPRK ideological foundation

A

Chuch’e, mass line, songun, personality cult

147
Q

Chuch’e

A

Self-reliance in defense, Independence in politics, self-sustaining economy

148
Q

Songun

A

Military comes first

149
Q

SK 1st Republic

A

1948-1960; american influence, democratic system, civil rights, strong president

150
Q

South Korea constitution

A

July 12, 1948

151
Q

Syngman Rhee

A

First elected President of SK; machiavellie autocrat; SK nonfunctioning, dependent on US aid, rebellions-> suppress civil rights

152
Q

SK 2nd Republic

A

1960-61; came from 1960 Righteous Student Uprising; more free, short lived

153
Q

1960 righteous student uprising causes

A

Rhee election fraud and student death

154
Q

SK 1960 constitution

A

Bicameral, responsive cabinet, more civil liberties

155
Q

SK 3rd republic

A

1963-72; from Park Chung-Lee military coup

156
Q

SK 4th republic

A

1972-79; economic takeoff

157
Q

Yusin constitution

A

SK 4th republic; increases Park’s control, permanent presidency

158
Q

Why did SK 4th republic see an economic takeoff?

A

5 year plans, import substitution, Japan and US aid

159
Q

SK 5th republic

A

1979-87; Chun- Doo-hwan took over in a coup; Gwangju Democratization Movement; new constitution

160
Q

Gwangju democratization movement

A

Students v police-> citywide protests->Gwangju massacre->Chub dissolved National Assembly and created national defense emergency policy committee

161
Q

SK 5th republic constitution

A

President has indirect election and 1 7-yr term

162
Q

SK 6th republic

A

1987- ; democratization, Roh-Tae-Woo, constitutional referendum for presidential direct election

163
Q

NK path of development

A

Industrialization, rapid 1950s-1970s then slow down; agricultural development- mechanization, fertilizer, irrigation; famine since 1990s

164
Q

SK path of development

A

Slow down with Rhee; growth with Park and Chun; industrialized because import-substitution, US/Japan capital and chaebols

165
Q

Chaebols

A

SK business conglomerate; developed new relations with government and source of growth

E Asian Poli Systems (4 decks)

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