Quiz 3 Flashcards
1
Q
True/False: This Patients does NOT have Urolith Calculi
A
False
*Cannot say for certain there are no Calculi since some Calculi are Non-Radiopaque. If you have clinical Signs that are suggestive of Calculi, you have to do further tests to Determine if there are Uroliths
2
Q
What can be diagnosed on this Ultrasound of the Spleen
A
Splenic Torsion
*LACY PATTERN- KNOW
3
Q
Condition characterized by a Reduction in Liver Size where the Gastric Axis is moved Cranially
A
Microhepatia
4
Q
Diagnosis from this Ultrasound of the Kidney
A
Polycystic Kidney Disease
5
Q
What Pathology can be seen in this Radiograph of the Abdomen
A
Pronounced Peritoneal Effusion
*Pendulous Abdomen tells us that it is a very full Abodmen
6
Q
Diagnosis based on this Positive Contrast Study of the Stomach
A
Gastric Ulceration
*You can see Filling Defects
7
Q
If a _____ study is Necessary, Survey Radiographs of the Abdomen should always be obtained prior
A
Contrast
8
Q
Best Radiographic View to Diagnose Gastric Dilation Volvulus
A
Right Lateral
9
Q
Four Differential Diagnoses for Microhepatia
A
Liver Shunting- Young Animal
Chronic Hepatitis- Older Animal
Cirrhosis- Older Animal
Diaphragmatic Hernia- Soft Tissue Opacity within the Thoracic Cavity and history of Trauma
10
Q
What can be Diagnosed in this Portogram Radiograph?
A
Single, Extra Hepatic Portocaval Shunt
*Immediate Opacification of the Caudal Vena Cava- Not Normal. Should not see Opacification in the Heart Prior to Opacification of the Liver
*No Tree Pattern- Limited Arborizing Pattern
*Reference Point- Cranial to T13. If the Shunting vessel enters the Caudal Vena Cava Cranial to T13 we consider it to be Intrahepatic. In this case it is more likely to be Extrahepatic because the shunting occurs caudal to T13
11
Q
Review of Large Colon Anatomy in a Dog
A
12
Q
______ of L5-L7 Vertebral Bodies or the Bony Pelvis is Classic for Metastasis of Prostatic Neoplasia
A
Spondylitis
13
Q
In a _____ View Radiograph of the Stomach, the Fundus will be Filled with Fluid and the Pylorus will be Filled with Gas
A
Left Lateral
*Left side of the Patient is on the Table
14
Q
What is the Gas Filled Structure in this Ventral Dorsal View of the Abdomen
A
Pylorus
*Gas is mainly accentuated in the Pylorus but is spreading into other parts of the stomach
15
Q
Pylorus is Normally Located on the ___ SIde of the Animal
Fundus is Normally Located on the ____Side of the Animal
A
Right
Left
16
Q
Review of Ruptures with Excretory Urography
*Left Renal Ureter is Dilated with Leakage out of the Left Ureter- Tear or Rupture of the Ureter
*Bladder Rupture- Contrast Medium Leaking out of the Urinary Bladder. Urine has also probably Lead out leading to Loss of Serosal Detail
A
17
Q
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the Small Intestine
A
Mechanical Ileus
*Foreign Material in the Small Intestine
18
Q
What is occuring in this Radiograph of the Abdomen?
A
Dystocia (Obstructed Labor)
*May be Related to Fetal Size
19
Q
In a Patient in Right Lateral, where would we expect Contrast Medium (Barium) to Travel in the Stomach
A
Pylorus
*Pylorus is located on the Right Side of the Patient. In Right Lateral, Contrast will travel to the Right side of the Stomach
20
Q
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the Stomach
A
Gastric Dilation Volvulus
*Pylorus and Fundus are in the Wrong Position
21
Q
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph
A
Paralytic Ileus
*Sentinel Loop Sign!- Outlined in Purple (Duodenum)
*Gas in the Duodenum is commonly associated with Pancreatitis
22
Q
What Pathology can be diagnosed on this Ultrasoud?
A
Adrenomegaly
23
Q
What can be Diagnosed based on this Positive Contrast Cystography of the Urinary Bladder
A
Wall Irregularity
Calculi
24
Q
Small Area where the Ureters and Urethra Open into the Urinary Bladder
A
Trigone
25
What can be Diagnosed from this Radiograph of the Spine? What Pathology Could Cause these Lesions on the Spine?
**Spondylitis**
**Prostate Neoplasia**
_\*Immediately look at the PROSTATE- Prostate Neoplasia is known to cause Spondyolytic Reactions on the Spine_
26
Best Test to Observe **Peristalsis and Gastric Motility**
**Ultrasound**
27
**Not Detected**
_**\*Female Cat**_
_**\***How to Tell its a Cat- Urinary Bladder is very Far Cranially and the Urethra is Extended. The Skeletal System of a cat is more "Fragile Looking". A Lot of Falciform Fat under the Liver_
28
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Small Intestine in a Dog** with a Barium Contrast Study
**Pseudoulcers**
**\***No Pathology- Caused by Lymphatic Tissue
29
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Small Intestine**
**Linear Foreign Body**
_**\***Commas and Crescent shaped Gas Bubbbles_
30
What can be diagnosed on this Radiograph of the **Urinary Bladder** with _Negative Contrast Cystography_
**Cystitis**
**\***Thickening of the Bladder Wall
31
What is the Arrow pointing to in this Radiograph?
**Cecum**
**\***Cecum separates the Small Intestine from the Large Intestine
32
In Patients with Suspected **Gastric Foreign Bodies**, which Procedure is _Contraindicated_?
**Barium Contrast**
**\***In Patients with Foreign Bodies causing Obstruction, the Barium Contrast could cause Rupture
33
What can be diagnosed in this Radiograph?
**Urethral Rupture**
34
The **Gastric Axis** should be _____ with Ribs and _____ to the Spine
**Parallel**
**Perpendicular**
**\***Between these Two Red lines is where our Gastric Axis should Fall
35
Standard Protocol of what **Procedure**:
_1. Take Survey Radiographs_
_2. Inject Contrast Medium Rapidly_
_3. Immediately take Ventral Dorsal Radiograph_
_4. Lateral and Ventral Dorsal Radiographs should be taken at 5, 20, and 40 Minutes_
**Excretory Urogram**
36
In a Patient in **Left Lateral**, where would we Expect Contrast Medium (Barium) to Travel in the Stomach
**Fundus**
**\***Fundus is on the Left Side and Liquid will Travel to that Area in the Left Lateral View
37
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Urinary Bladder** with _Double Contrast Cystography_
**AIr Bubbles**
**\***Found in the PERIPHERY of the Urinary Bladder
38
Ultrasound of what Structure
**Adrenal Gland**
**\***Peanut Shaped
39
If the Blue Line indicates the **Gastric Axis**, is it within the normal reference Range?
**No- Cranially Displaced**
_**\***The Gastric Axis is not within the normal reference range. The Gastric Axis is **Cranially Displaced**_- _Possible Tumor Caudal to the Stomach (Ex. Splenic Tumor) or the **Liver is Small** (Most Likely)_
40
**Excretory Urography** may be used in both azotemic and non-azotemic patients, provided _____ is adequate
**Hydration**
**\***Put Patients on a Drip Line before and after the Procedure
_\*Must Ensure Hydration Deficits are Corrected_
41
**Generalized Enlargement of the Liver** that results in Caudal and Dorsal displacement of Pylorus and Caudal Displacmenet of Gastric Axis on Lateral Views
**Hepatomegaly**
**\***Displaces the stomach caudally and to the Left
42
Triangle of Fat between the Bladder, Prostate and Ventral Body Wall is a sign of _____ Enlargement
**Prostate Gland Enlargment**
**\***Make sure you know its a Male Dog
43
What Sign can be Detected in this Radiograph of the **Small Intestine** and what does this sign indicate
**Thumbprinting = Infiltrative Bowel Disease**
44
Test used to Detect **Urethral Obstructions or Urethral Rupture**
**Urethrogram**
**\***Always use _Positive Contrast_
45
**Splenic Hemangiosarcoma**
46
What are the Large Tubular Structures in the Abdomen?
**Dilated Uterine Horns**
47
**Most common Cause for Prostatomegaly,** where the _Prostate is Enlarged due to Increases in Volume in the Intercellular and Ductal Spaces_
**Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy**
**\***_Non Painful Symmetrical Enlargment of the Prostate Gland_
48
If there is a Filling Defect in the **Central Urinary Bladder** it is most likely caused by ____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_. If there is a Filling Defect in the **Peripheral Urinary Bladder** it is most likely caused by \_\_\_\_\_
**Stone or Blood Clot-** Central
**Air Bubbles or Wall Lesion-** Peripheral
\*Photo is based on _Double Contrast Cystography_
49
With ____ Ileus you will usually get _TWO Populations of Bowel_, one that is Normal and the Other Enlarged. With ____ Ileus you will normaly see _just Gas filled Intestines_
**Mechanical-** Two Populations (Normal and Enlarged)
**Paralytic-** Gas Filled
**\***_Degree of Enlargment is normally Greater with Mechanical Ileus than in Paralytic Ileus_
50
What can be diagnosed in this Ultrasound of the **Small Intestine**
**Intussusception**
51
Diagnosis based on this **Barium Study**
**Gastric Foreign Body**
52
The _______ is used to help assess the **Liver**
**Gastric Axis**
_**\***Yellow line = Gastric Axis_
_\*Red Lines- Shows Normal Range of the Gastric Axis_
**_\*The Gastric Axis is there to help you asses if Misplacement of the Stomach taking place that could be an indicator of an Enlarged or Small Liver_**
53
Diagnosis based on this Ultrasound of the **Kidney**
**Neoplasia**
_**\***Renal Lymphoma can be Bilateral_
54
What Can be Diagnosed on this Radiograph?
**Left Renal Mass**
55
Review of **Large Colon** anatomy in a _Cat_
_\*Often cannot see Cecum in the Cat_
56
True/False: Barium Studies of the **Gastrointestinal Tract** should only be Performed if Ultrasound is not Availalbe
**True**
**\***Ultrasound has Replaced Barium Studies in most Patients
57
Anatomical Review of the **Kidneys**
58
True/False: A Normal Canine **Prostate Gland** should NOT be Visible on Radiographs
**True**
**\***Also, the Prostate Gland is essentially NEVER seen in the Cat
59
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph
**Paralytic Ileus**
**\***Small Bowel Dilation, but not Severe Dilation. Homogenous in Size and Diameter
_\*Underlying cause in this Case is Gastric Dilation Volvulus_
60
Dilation of the Renal Pelvis due to Obstruction of the Urinary Collecting System
**Hydronephrosis**
**\***Fluid Distention in the Renal Pelvis
61
Ultrasound Image of What Structure?
**Normal Pancreas**
\*Anechoic Circle in the Middle- Pancreatic Duct
\*Need to use the Duodenum as a Land mark to find the Pancreas
62
Is the **Small Intestinal** Diameter Normal in this Radiograph?
**Yes**
**\***Diameter is about 1.3 times the Rib Width = Normal
63
**Bacterial Infection** of the **Prostate** that may cause Lymphadenopathy and can be a source of Discospondylitis
**Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscessation**
**\***If you have Discospondylitis- Always check the Prostate
_\*The Prostate is not Homegenous Soft Tissue Opacity, There is some Gas Opacity as well- Protatic Abscess_
64
What can be Diagnosed from this Ultrasound of the **Spleen**
**Splenic Mass**
_**\***Fine Needle Aspirate- Hemangiosarcoma_
\*Lesion on the Tail of the Spleen that is More Hypoechoic compared to the Normal Appearance of the Spleen
65
In Dogs, the **Spleen** is the Most Likely Source of a Mass in the ____ Abdomen
**Midventral**
66
In a _____ View Radiograph of the Stomach, _Gas will be Located in the Fundus_ and _Liquid will be Located in the Pylorus_ of the Stomach
**Right Lateral**
\*Right Side of the Animal is touching the Table
\*Gas Bubble Floats into the Fundus
67
True/False: Excretory Urography is mainly performed to Evaluate the _Renal Pelvis and Ureters_. Given the Value of Ultrasound to asses the Kidneys, the best indication to perform an Excretory Urography is **Ureteral Disease**
**True**
68
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph
**Linear Foreign Object** (Ex. Ribbon)
_\*Bowel Creeps along Material- Creating Classical Appearance of Bunching_
69
In a Patient in **Dorsal Ventral View**, where would Contrast Travel in the Stomach
**Pylorus**
70
What can be diagnosed on this Radiograph of the **Kidney**
**Renal/Ureteral Calculi**
71
The _____ Margin of the **Liver** is normally visible because it is delineated due to Falciform Fat
**Ventral**
**\***_You can always see the Liver margins ventrally because there is always Fat ventral to the Liver_
\*Cranially the Liver with Silhouette with the Diaphragm and Caudally the Liver with Silhouette with the Stomach
72
Best Modality for Assessing the **Urinary Bladder**
**Ultrasound**
73
Which Ultrasound is Normal for the **Gall Bladder?**
**Left Ultrasound**
**\***You normally should NOT see the Walls- it is I_soechoic to the Surrounding Tissue_
_\*In the Abnormal View you can see a Thick wall surrounding the Gall Bladder_
74
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph
**Mechanical Ileus**
_**\***Stacking of the Intestine = Mechanical Ileus_
75
Which two **Cystic Calculi** are Radiopaque and will show up on Radiographs
**Phosphate**
**Oxalate**
_**\***Cystine and Urate Calculi are Non-Radiopaque and will not show up on Radiographs- Tip: " I Can't C U"_
76
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Urinary Bladder** with _Double Contrast Cystography_
**Calculi**
**\***Found in the CENTER of the Urinary Bladder
77
Diagnosis based on this Ultrasound of the **Urinary Bladder**
**Cystitis**
78
**D. Non-Ionic Iodinated Contrast Medium**
_**\***Non-Ionic- Less Complications._ Never do a Contrast Myelogram with Ionic Contrast Medium
\*Myelogram- Looks for problems in the Spinal Cord
\*Barium- Gastrointestinal Tract
79
Where are the **Kidneys** Located in this Radiograph
_\*In the Lateral View the Kidneys are Superimposed on Eachother_
_\*The Right Kidney is more Cranially Positioned than the Left Kidney_
80
Defect in an area that would normally fill with Contrast Medium
**Filling Defects**
81
What can be Diagnosed based on this Ultrasound of the **Spleen**?
**Splenic Mass**
**\***Fine Needle Aspirate- Hemangiosarcoma
\*The Same disease can have different Presentations
82
What can be Diagnosed in this Radiograph of the Abdomen
**Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy**
83
The Thickened Wall shown in this **Small Intestinal Ultrasound** is most likely caused by \_\_\_\_\_
**Neoplasia**
_\*Thickened Wall- White Band in the Middle_
84
**Detected**
85
What Structure can be Detected in this Ultrasound?
**Uterus**
**\***Circle = Urinary Bladder
Long Structure = Uterus
86
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Diaphragm**
**Free Gas in the Abdomen**
_**\***Gas seperating the Caudal aspect of the Diaphragm from the Rest- Very Characteristic for Free Gas_
87
Technique for Diagnosing **Portosystemic Shunt** where the _Jejunal Vein_ is Catheterized and Serial Radiographs or Fluoroscopy are used to Follow Contrast into the Vasculature
**Mesenteric Portography (Selective Angiography)**
**\***Contrast Imaging of the Portosystemic Shunt
_\*Photo- Normal- Looks like a branched Tree (No Shunts). Follows the Normal Route- Opacification of the Liver prior to the Heart_
88
**Right Lateral and Dorsal Ventral**
89
What condition of the **Liver** can be Diagnosed in this Radiograph?
**Hepatomegaly**
**\***Increased Soft Tissue Opacity of the Liver
_\*The Pylorus is Displaced Dorsally and **Gastric Axis is Displaced Caudally**_
90
What can be Detected in this Radiograph of the Abdomen?
**Splenomegaly**
**\***Rounded margins of the Spleen
91
True/False: The **Urethra** is typically Not Visible on Radiographs in _Cats_
**False**
**\***Not Visible in Radiographs of Dogs. _Often the Urethra can be seen in Radiographs of the Feline_
92
Space between the Dorsal Margin of the Parietal Peritoneum and the Abdominal Body Wall, that contains the _Kidneys, Adrenal Glands, Major Blood Vessels and Lymph Nodes_
**Retroperitoneal Space**
**\***Arrow Is pointing at the Retroperitoneal Space- Fat Opacity
93
Most Reliable Indicator or **Splenomegaly** (Enlarged Spleen)
**Rounded or Blunt Margins**
**\***No Clear Cut parameters for Splenomegaly
94
What **Small Intestinal** Sign can be Distinguished in this Radiograph, and what does this Sign Mean?
**Apple Core Sign = Infiltrative Disease**
**\***Neoplasia would be high on the list
95
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Small Intestine**
**Paralytic Ileus (Peritonitis)**
_**\***Loss of Serosal Detail, all of the Bowel loops are Gas Filled- Slightly Enlarged_
_\*Mechanical Ileus will lead to Greater Bowel Enlargment than Paralytic Ileus_
96
True/False: Always obtain Survey Radiographs prior to any Contrast Procedures
**True**
97
**Small Breed Dogs and cats** are predisposed to ______ Portosystemic Shunts. **Large Breed Dogs** are Predisposed to _____ Portosystemic Shunts
**Extrahepatic**
**Intrahepatic**
98
Normal **Kidney** Size is evaluated by looking at \_\_\_\_\_
**L2**
**\***If the Kidney are 2.5 to 3.5 times Larger than L2, it is within the Normal Range
99
What can be Diagnosed based on this Radiograph of the Abdomen?
**Splenic Torsion**
**\***C Shape on Radiographs
100
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the Abdomen
**Gastric Rupture**
_**\***Red Area outlines free GAS in the Abdomen- Can see nice detail of the Intestines_
_\*Should NEVER be able to see the Dorsal aspect of the Diagphram- If you can see this = Free Gas in the Abodmen_
101
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph
**Pelvic Mass (Anal Sac Tumor)**
**\***Ventrally Displaced Large Colon that is Markedly Depressed due to Pressing Down of Pelvic Mass. Soft Tissue Mass above the Large Intestine
102
What can be diagnosed on this Radiograph of the Abdomen
**Free Gas in the Abdomen**
103
**Cat**
_**\***Urinary Bladder very far Cranially_
104
The Fetal Heart Rate should be between _____ the Mothers Heart Rate
**1.5-2 Times**
105
106
Diagnosis based on this Ultrasound of the **Kidney**
**End Stage Kidney**
**\***Glomerular or Interstitial Nephritis and Dehydration
_\* Increased Cortical Echogenicity_
107
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Lungs**
**Barium Contrast Aspiration into the Lungs**
**\***Deadly
108
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Small Intestine**
**Mechanical Ileus**
**\***Two Populations- Normal and Enlarged (Largely Distended)
109
If the Blue Line indicates the **Gastric Axis**, is it within the Normal Reference Range?
**No- Caudally Displaced**
_**\***Causes- Enlarged Liver (Hepatomegaly) or Inguinal Hernia Caudally_
_\*The Gastric Axis is mainly used to asses the Liver Size_
110
Most Common **Urinary Bladder Tumor** in a Female Dog?
**Transitional Cell Carcinoma**
111
What can be diagnosed on this Radiograph of the **Stomach**?
**Gastric Dilation**
_**\***Enlarged but Normal Shape and Location_
112
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Retroperitoneal Space**
**Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage**
**\***_The Retroperitoneal Space should be Fat Opacity, but instead is Soft Tissue Opacity_
113
True/False: Conventional Lateral Views are not Adequate for Complete Examination of **Male Canine Urethra**
**True**
**\***Need a "Urethra Shot" where the legs are pulled forward so that we get a better view of the Urethra to look for Uroliths
114
During **Dog Pregnancy**, the _Earliest Detectable Mineralization_ on **Radiograph** is at ____ Days
**42**
**\***If the Dog is 30 days Pregnant you would not Recommend a Radiograph
115
**Retroperitoneal Gas** is often an Extension of \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Pneumomediastinum**
116
What can be diagnosed on this Ultrasound of the **Urinary Bladder**
**Uroliths**
117
True/False: Ionic Contrast Medium is Safer to use on Patients than Nonionic Contrast Medium
**False**
_**\***Nonionic Contrast is safer to use and commonly used on Sicker Patients that need Contrast Studies_
118
With _____ the **Urinary Bladder Wall** is Thick and Irregular
**Cystitis**
119
Which Test is best to Diagnose **Pancreatitis**?
**Canine Pancreatic Lipase Test (cPl)**
\*This is the test you should use if you suspect Pancreatitis
120
**Left Lateral** View of the Stomach. What is the Gas Filled Structure pointed out by the Arrows?
**Pylorus**
**\***Pylorus is located on the Right Side of the Patient. When the Patient is laying in Left Lateral gas will rise into the Pylorus
121
The _____ of the **Spleen** is attached very closely to the Fundus of the Stomach by the _Gastrosplenic Ligament_
**Head**
**\***The Head of the Spleen wont move- Stays in the same Place
122
In a _Canine_, a Normal **Small Intestinal** Diameter is Roughly the Height of _____ and \_\_\_\_x's the Width of a Rib
**L2**
**2x's**
123
Diagnostic Tool of Choice for **Splenic Torsion**
**Ultrasound**
_**\***Spleen has Enlarged **Lacy Pattern**- Pathopneumonic for Splenic Torsion- KNOW THIS_
124
What can be Diagnosed in this Ultrasound of the Abodmen?
**Free Gas in the Abdomen**
**\***Causes Reverberation on Ultrasound
125
Best Modality to Diagnose **Fetal Death**
**Ultrasound**
_\*Lack of Heart Beat, Organs become Hypoechoic. Gas within Uterus or Fetus_
\*Radiograph shows Gas within the Uterus and Fetus
126
What Species is this Radiograph from?
**Cat**
127
**Spleen** is Best Visualized in the _____ View
**Right Lateral**
128
True/False: This is an Ultrasound of a **Normal Prostate Gland** in a Dog
**True**
129
**B** (Second from the Left)
130
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the Abdomen
**Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage**
**\***Soft Tissue Opacity in the Retroperitoneal Space
\*Loss of Detail in the Retroperitoneal Space is a Sign of Fluid Collection or Inflammation
131
In a **Right Lateral** View of the stomach, Fluid will be located in the \_\_\_\_\_
**Pylorus**
**\***Radiograph- Don't mistake for a Foreign Body
132
What can be Diagnosed on this Radiograph?
**Enlarged Uterus** (Early Pregnancy, Pymetra ect.)
\*Soft Tissue Opacity between the Colon and the Urinary Bladder
133
What Structure is seen in this Ultrasound?
**Prostate**
134
What can be Diagnosed in the this Radiograph of the Abodmen
**Absent Bladder**
**\***AKA- Ruptured Bladder
135
What can be Detected in this Radiograph of the Abdomen?
**Retroperitoneal Gas**
136
True/False: The **Uterus** is NOT normally detected Radiographically
**True**
137
This is a **Normal Variant** of the Barium Contrast Study in what Species
**Feline**
_**\***Feline "String of Pearls"- Just shows Peristalsis in the Small Intestine, No Pathology_
138
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Stomach**
**Gastric Dilation Volvulus**
_**\***Double Bubble_
139
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Urinary Bladder**
**Bladder Rupture**
140
**Yes**
**\***Lesion is in the Periphery of the Urinary Bladder = Bladder Wall
**\***Gas Opacity in the Middle of the Bladder is caused by the Catheter
141
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph
**Medial Iliac Lymphadenopathy**
142
Diagnoses based on this Abdominal Radiograph
**Ectopic Ureter**
**\***Hydronephrosis of the Renal Pelvis- Very Dilated
\*The Ureter is also Markedly Dilated- Hydroureter
_\*Ectopic Ureter- medical condition where the ureter, rather than terminating at the urinary bladder, terminates at a different site_
143
What can be Diagnosed in this Radiograph?
**Paraprostatic Cyst**
_1- Paraprostatic Cyst (Cranial to the Urinary Bladder)_
2- Urinary Bladder
3- Prostate
144
In **Abdominal Effusions**, _Low Cellular Fluid_ such as Urine or _____ appear Anechoic, while _Higher Cellular Fluid_ like Blood, Exudate, and Chyle is more Echoic
**Transudate**
145
If the **Spleen** is Enlared it will cause _____ displacement of the Gastric Axis
**Cranial**
146
What can be diagnosed in this Radiograph?
**Single, Extra Hepatic Portocaval Shunt**
**\***Immediately Opacification of the Caudal Vena Cava
147
Contrast Procedure that is used to Evaluate the **Kidneys** and Ureters
**Excretory Urography**
**\***Provides Morphologic and Functional Information
_\*Contrast medium (Iodine) is injected IV and Contrast gets secreted into the Glomeruli. Water continues to be absorbed back into the body while the Iodine Concentration increases in the Tubules_
148
**Detected**
149
If the Liver is \_\_\_\_\_, the Gastric Axis will be **Displaced Cranially**
**Small**
150
Diagnosis on Ultrasound of this **Gall Bladder**
**Cholecystitis**
**\***Should NOT see Wall around the Gall Bladder
151
The **Kidneys** are Located in the _____ Space
**Retroperitoneal Space**
152
If the Shunting vessel enters the Caudal Vena Cava ____ to **T13** we consider it to be _Intrahepatic_
**Cranial**
_**\***If the Shunting vessel enters the Caudal Vena Cava Caudal to T13- Extra Hepatic_
153
Where are the **Kidneys** Located in this Radiograph
154
What can be Diagnosed in this Radiograph of the Abdomen
**Uroliths**
155
What can be diagnosed in this Radiograph?
**Urethral Tumor**
**\***Urethra is extermely Irregular and some Contrast is Leaking out
156
True/False: The **Uterus** is Enlarged in this Radiograph
**True**
_**\***Should not be able to see the Uterus- Only can see if its Enlarged_
C = Colon
U = Urinary Bladder
X = Uterus
157
_Shunt from the Portal Vein to the Caudal Vena Cava_ that **Bypasses the Liver** and the Livers Detoxification Function is Reduced, resulting in a _Small Liver_
**Portosystemic Shunt**
**\***Congenital Portosystemic Shunts- Characteristic Small Liver
_\*Most Patients with Portosystemic Shunt will also have **Renomegaly-** Enlarged Kidneys. If a Patient has a small Liver and Normal Sized Kidneys, then most likely not a Portosystemic Shunt_
158
In this Radiograph the Edges of the **Liver** are _Triangular or Slightly Rounded._ What Two Endocrine Disorders may this be Diagnostic for?
**Diabetes Mellitus resulting in Hepatic Lipidosis**
**Hyperadrenocorticism**
**\***Hepatomegaly that is triangular shaped
159
Contraindications of what **Procedure**
**Excretory Urogram**
**\***Can be done in Azotemic Patients so long as they are NOT Dehydrated
160
**Right Lateral** View of the Stomach. What is the Gas Filed structure pointed out by the Black Arrows
**Fundus**
**\***When the Patient is in Right Lateral, Gas will Rise into the Left Side of the Stomach (Fundus)
161
True/False: In **Cats** in a Lateral View you are NEVER going to see the **Spleen** in the Ventral Abdomen
**True**
**\***Never going to see Spleen in a normal Cat. Only see it if the Spleen is Enlarged
162
What can be diagnosed in this Radiograph of the Abdomen
**Carcinomatosis (Hemangiosarcoma)**
Leads to loss of Serosal Detail
_\*Patchy Appearance- Very characteristic for Carcinomatosis_
163
What is the Gas Filled structure in this **Dorsal Ventral** View of the Abodmen
**Fundus**
**\***The Highest point on a _Dorsal Ventral View_ is the Fundus and Gas will travel to that portion of the Stomach
164
Radiograph of the **Urinary Bladder** with _____ Contrast Cytography
**Double**
165
In a _Feline_, a normal **Small Intestine** is Roughly 2x's the Height of Central part of \_\_\_\_
**L4**
166
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph
**Linear Foreign Body**
**\***"Bunching" of the Small Intestine
167
168
**Detected**
169
Three Phases of **Excretory Urography**
**Nephrogram**- Opacification of Renal Parenchyma _(First 5 Minutes)_
**Pyelogram-** Opacification of Pelvic Recesses, Renal Pelvis and Ureters (_After 20 Minutes)_
**Cystogram** _(After 40 Minutes)_
**\***Take Radiographs at 5, 20, and 40 Minutes in order to see all of these Phases
170
**Peritoneal Effusion**
171
\_\_\_\_\_ Shape Gas Bubbles are Characteristic for **Linear Foreign Bodies**
**Tear Drop or Crescent**
172
Procedure Outline using ____ to Asses the Gastrointestinal Tract:
1. Survey Radiographs
2. Immediately Take Right Lateral, Left Lateral, VD, and DV Views
3. At 15-30 min. Take Right Lateral and VD Views
4. At 30-60 min. Take Right Lateral and VD Views
5. Hourly Radiographs until Contrast in Colon
**Barium**
173
Ultrasound of Normal **Ovaries**. Point out which are in **Anestrus verus Estrus**
\*Estrus- Fluid Filled Structures
174
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the **Stomach**
**Gastric Dilation**
**\***Normal Shape and Location of the Stomach
175
If the Liver is \_\_\_\_\_\_, the Gastric Axis will be **Displaced Caudally**
**Enlarged**
176
Which one of these is a Normal Ultrasound of an **Abdominal Lymph Node?**
\*Normal Lymph Nodes have Uniform Echogenicity similar to the surrounding Mesenteric Fat
_\*When Enlarged the Lymph Nodes become more Rounded and Hypoechoic_
177
What is the Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the Abdomen
**Bilateral Hydronephrosis**
_**\***The Renal Pelvis is Dilated_
178
The _____ should Travel from the Kidneys into the Trigone of the Urinary Bladder
**Ureters**
179
Review of **Large Colon** Anatomy in a _Dog_
180
What Contrast Study has been Performed on this Patient?
**Positive Contrast**
181
Pathology of the **Right Kidney** in this Radiograph
**Pyelonephritis**
**\***In this Radiograph the Left Kidney is Normal and the Right Kidney has Pyelonephritis
182
What Kind of Contrast Study was Performed here?
**Double Contrast**
**\***Can see both Positive and Negative Contrast used
183
**False**
**\***Barium is LETHAL if given IV- KNOW THIS!!- Never give Barium IV
_\*Barium is Given Orally for Contrast Assessment of the GIT_
184
Differential Diagnosis for **Kidneys** that are _Bilaterally Enlarged with Irregular Outline (Lumpy)_
**Polycystic Kidney Disease**
185
**Uterine Infection** characterized by Estrogen Stimulation of the Uterus followed by Prolonged Progesterone Dominance
**Pyometra**
186
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph of the Abdomen
**Free Gas in the Abdomen**
_**\***Very Characteristic- Little Bubbles_
187
Diagnosis based on this Ultrasound
**Adrenomegaly**
_**\***Adrenal gland is very Enlarged- Always seen next to the Kidney_
188
During **Cat Pregnancy**, the Earliest Mineralization is Detected on Radiograph at ___ Days
**35**
