Midterm/ Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Law that Defines that the Intensity of Radiation Decreases with the Square of the Distance from the Source
A
Inverse Square Law
*Ex. If you Double your Distance, the Exposure Falls off by a Factor of 4 (The Square of the Distance).
Ex. If you Move from 1 Foot from the Machine, to 3 Feet from the Machine, the Exposure Decreases by a Factor of 9
1
Q
A
- Spleen > Liver > Kidney
2
Q
Describe the mAs and kVp for the Pictures Below
A
Left Picture: High mAs, Low kVp
Right Picture: High kVp, Low mAs
*The Low Contrast (Right Picture) is the “go to” kVp and mAs levels for the Thorax to see the Lungs- For Lung Radiographs we want a High kVp and Low mAs
2
Q
Machine with Greatest Contrast Resolution of Any Imaging Modality
A
MRI
*Contrast Resolution: MRI > CT> Digital Radiography > Film
*MRI- Image appearance dependent on Chemical Composition of Tissue- Water, Fat ect.
2
Q
A Reflected Sound Wave is generated at the Interface of an ____ Mismatch, leading to a Poor Ultrasound
A
Impedance
*Acoustic Impedance leads to Reflected Sounds Waves = Poor Ultrasounds
*Bone and Air (Lung) create Acoustic Impedance
*Photo- Strong interface between Liver and Lung (Impedance Mismatch)- 100% of the Signal gets reflected resulting in Bad Ultrasound
2
Q
Free Abdominal Fluid that appears to be Anechoic (Black) is more Likely to be a ______
A
Transudate
*Free of Protein
2
Q
Ultrasound of the Liver
What is the White Arrow pointing at?
A
Hepatic Vein
*No Wall detected
2
Q
Liver is _____ to the Spleen and has a Coarser Appearance
A
Hypoechoic
2
Q
What Pattern of the Small Bowel shows:
- Appearance of Food
A
Ailmentary Pattern
*Ingesta within the Lumen- Eaten Recently
3
Q
Digital Images that are Underexposed have more “ Noise” and Appear _____
A
Grainy
3
Q
Paramagnetic Compound that Speeds up Proton Relaxation that is useful for Detection of Defectivve Blood-Brain Barrier or Inflammation used only in T1 Sequences
A
Gandolinium
3
Q
A
T2- Weighted
*Fat and Water (CSF) show up White
3
Q
What is the Correct name for this Radiograph
A
Right-Left Lateral (Left Lateral)
*The Patients Left Side is touching the Table
3
Q
In a _____ View Radiograph of the Stomach, the Fundus will be Filled with Fluid and the Pylorus will be Filled with Gas
A
Left Lateral
*Left side of the Patient is on the Table
3
Q
Radiographic View where the Pelvic Limbs are pulled Cranially, that is used for looking at the Urethra in Male Dogs
A
Urethra Shot
*Best for looking for Calculi within the Urethra of Male Dogs
3
Q
The _____ Ultrasound Transducer, that is best used on Gas Filled Structures such as the Abdominal Cavity
A
Convex
3
Q
A
Convex
*Looks like the Sector but there is a Bite taken out of it- Sector shape with some Clean Shadowing
3
Q
Chart showing Echogenicity from the Least to the Most
A
M = Kidney Medulla
C = Kidney Cortex
L = Liver
S = Spleen
P = Prostate
*Kidney is Least Echogenic and Prostate is the Most Echogenic in this list
3
Q
On Ultrasound, an Empty Stomach may create a _____Sign
A
Pseudokidney
*Empty Stomach looks Similar to Kidneys on Ultrasound
4
Q
Radiographic ____ occurs in cases of Unequal Magnification
A
Distortion
*Femur is Not Shorter, but Appears to be due to Distortion
4
Q
What Pattern of the Small Bowel is:
- Collapsed State
- Hyperechoic
- Without Acoustic Shadowing
A
Mucous Pattern
*Common Pattern for Fasted Animal
5
Q
Part of the Analog (Film) Method of Recording Images that converts X Ray Photons to Light Photons that Expose the X-Ray Film
A
Intensifying Screens
*When X-Rays strike the Intensifying screen it Converts X-Rays to Light Photons and emits Visible Light. X-Ray Film is Much more sensitive to Light than to X-Rays
*Intensifying Screens permit over 100x Reduction in mAs needed compared to No Screens
5
Q
What View is this Radiograph of the Stomach
A
Left Lateral
*Gas is within the Pylorus and Fluid is Within the Fundus
*Left Side of the Patient is on the Table, since the Fundus is located on the Left side of the animal, fluid will run into the fundus due to Gravity
5
Q
When Radiographing the Thorax with Film, we use a ____kVp and ____mAs, in order to get a Low Contrast Image
A
High kVp
Low mAs
*We need a Low contrast image with the Thorax
5
Edge Shadowing
5
In a Normal Ultrasound of the Spleen and Kidney, the Renal Cortex will be ____ Echogenic than the Spleen and the Renal Cortex will be ____ Echogenic than the Renal Medulla
Less
More
6
Is this Digital Image of a Canine Head Underexposed or Overexposed?
Overexposed
\*Parts of the Anatomy Disappear- No Mandible or Nasal Turbinates. This is Overexposure and the Plate is assigning Black to those Pixels
8
If you Double mAs, and Decrease kVp by 15%, the new Image will have a _____ Contrast
Higher
\*Do this if you want to Change Contrast but Maintain the Same Film Blackness
\*You don't Double or Half the kVp if you are trying to Adjust Technique with Film
8
Name Roentgen Signs, which are Six Standard Terms used to Describe changes in a Structure in a Radiograph
Size
Shape
Number
Location
Margination
Opacity
8
Ultrasound Artifact that occurs at Highly Reflective air/fluid interfaces, such as the Diaphragm-Lung and Pericard-Lung Interface, where a False Image is produced on the other side of the Reflector due to its Mirror Like effect
Mirror Image Artifact
\*White Line = Lung-Diaphragm Interface
\*Picture- Gall Bladder at the Top of the Image is Reflected across the Lung-Diaphragm line to Produce a mirror image of the Gall Bladder underneath the Line
9
No
\*One Tech has an Exposed Hand that will be Exposed to Scattered Radiation
10
True/False: X-Rays are not Carcinogenic
False
\*X-Rays ARE Carcinogenic and if used improperly can lead to the Development of a Tumor
11
Machine where Mechanical Energy as Sound Waves are transmitted through a patient and returning echoes are detected and the Computer Generates and Image
Ultrasound
11
True/False: Intrahepatic Bile Ducts are Readily Visible in Abdominal Ultrasounds
False
\*Intrahepatic Biliary Ducts are Not detected in Normal Dog and Cats
12
What View is this Radiograph of the Stomach
Right Lateral
\*Pylorus is Filled with Fluid
\*Right Side of the patient is on the Table- Pylorus is located on the Right side of the animal therefore Fluid moved into the Pylorus due to Gravity
12
Right Cranial Lung Lobe Pulmonary Arteries and Veins should be Assessed in a _____ Lateral View
Left
\*In the Left Lateral View, the Right Lobe will be the "Up" Lung and will be Easier to View the Arteries and Veins
\*You cannot see these Vessels in a Right Lateral View
14
What Species Tends to Accumulate Fat in their Gastric Wall, leading to the Bands shown in this Radiograph?
Cats
\*Completely Normal For a Cat- Fat is responsible for an intramural radiolucent band in the feline stomach wall
15
Component of ALARA that is Designed to Protect against Scattered Radiation
Shielding
\*Some X-Rays bounce off the Patient and Floor. Sheilding is used to Protect ourselves from these Scattered Rays
\*Scatter degrades the Image and Increases Personnel Dose
16
Acoustic Shadowing Artifact that occurs at the Tissue-Bone Interface, where a Substantial amount of Sound gets Absorbed
Clean Acoustic Shadowing
\*Clean Acoustic Shadowing- Competely **Black** Section of Ultrasound
17
Ultrasound Artifact that occurs at Curved Surfaces, such as the Urinary Bladder and Gall Bladder
Slice Thickness Artifact
18
Which Ultrasound Machine will Produce a Better Resolution, The 10 Megahertz or the 5 Megahertz?
10 Megahertz
\*Image Resolution is Better with High Frequency and Small Wavelength
19
True/False: We should **Always** make Right and Left Lateral Radiographs of the Thorax (Lungs)
True
\*Always take Right and Left Lateral Radiographs of the Lungs- Lesion may be Seen on One Lateral View and Not the Other
20
A Structure appears in an Unexpected Location and is Misinterpreted as a Lesion
Superimposition
20
In Abdominal Radiographs we depend on ____ for Contrast
Fat
20
In this Plane the Transducer is Towards Examiner Oriented and produces this Type of Image
Transverse Plane
\*Cross Section
\*Know the Directions of the Sides of the Ultrasound- Right, Left, Ventral and Dorsal- be able to recognize if given a Transverse Image
21
True/False: A "Frog Leg" Radiograph is the Prefered Method for Radiographing the Abdomen
True
\*Frog Leg Radiographs are Prefered Over Radiographs where the Legs are Stretched
\*Stretching of the Limbs results in Skin Folds (shown by White Arrows), while the "Frog Leg" Position does Not
22
Dose Limit on Radiation of Occupationally Exposed Personnel ( you and your Employees)
50 mSv/yr
\*Be Smart and Keep to a Minimum
22
Wire Filament in an X-Ray Tube where a current Passes through the Filament causing Heating and Electrons to "boil" off. Electrons will begin to Flow Toward the Anode
Cathode (-)
\*We can control the number of electrons produced by controlling the Magnitude of current passing through the Filament
24
Radiation can lead to DNA Damage, which often can lead to Failure of DNA Repair and _____ in the Genome. Mutations can lead to Activation of Growth Promoting Oncogenes, Alterations of Genes that regulate Apoptosis and Inactivation of Cancer Suppressor Genes
Mutations
\*If the Mutated Cell happens to Undergo colonal Expansion, a Malignant Neoplasm can occur. X- Rays are Carcinogenic
24
5 mAs, 120 kVp
\*The Image is Underexposed. This is an Image of a Thorax- Increasing the Energy is the Better Choice
26
A Color Doppler indicates in what Direction the Blood flow is Travelling. Blue Color means the Blood Flow is travelling ____ from the Transfuser, while Red Color means the Blood Flow is travelling ____ the Transfuser
Blue- Away
Red- Towards
27
Creating a Perfect Fim using High kVp and Low mAs will result in ___ Contrast Film
Low
\*You can Create a perfect Film with Either a High mAs or a High kVp, however these images will not look the same. the High mAs will produce a High Contrast Film and the High kVp will produce a Low contrast Film
\*Picture- Both Radiographs are considered "Perfect" films, however they do not look Identical
29
In Order to Ultrasound an Equine Abdomen, would a 10 Megahertz or 2.5 Megahertz Machine be Better?
2.5 Megahertz
\*Low Frequency will Penetrate Better- Better for seeing Deep Tissues in Horses
\*Always use the Highest Frequency Possible that can still Reach the Tissues that you are interested in Examining
30
Positively Charged Part of the X-Ray Tube which attracts the Electrons. Electrons Strike, leading to Production of many X-Rays
Anode (+) (aka Target)
\*The Target (Anode) is positive all the time
31
Timing Sequence that Nulls the Signal from Fat
STIR
\*Gets Rid of the Signal from Fat
\*Photo- Lesion More Obvious when Fat Signal Removed
32
Overexposed
\*Dark Radiographs are Overexposed- there are too many X-Rays hitting the Film
32
In a Patient with Pleural Effusion, when Taking an X-Ray of the Thorax, will the Heart be Visible with the animal in Dorsal Ventral or in Ventral Dorsal?
Ventral Dorsal
\*In Ventral Dorsal the Fluid is not surrounding the Heart and the Heart can be Seen
\*Ventral Dorsal- Animal is on its Back- Beam Enters the Ventral side of the Patient then Exits the Dorsal Side (The Lungs surround the Heart)
\*Dorsal Ventral- Patient is On its Stomach (Sternal)- Beam enters the Dorsal side of the Patient then Exits the Ventral Side (All the Fluid is around in the Heart)
\*This is an example of **Silhouette Sign**- Heart is Hidden by Fluid because they are the same Opacity
32
Echogenicity is the Same as another Structure with the same Intensity of Returning Echoes compared to Adjacent Tissues
Isoechoic
\*Liver and Kindey are Isoechoic in this Ultrasound- Same Echogenicity
33
What Contrast Technique should we use when Radiographing the Abdomen with Film?
Low kVp
High mAs
35
Abnormal Ileus that could be Diagnostic for Pancreatitis / Periotonitis
Corrugated
36
X-Rays are Produced when High speed Electrons strike Metal, which occurs in an X-Ray Tube. What are the Two main components of an X-Ray Tube?
Rotating Anode (Target)
Cathode (Filament)
36
True/False: Lungs ALWAYS look Better in Lateral Views
False
\*Lungs ALWAYS look WORSE in Lateral Views
37
What Produces a High Signal in a T1 Weighted Image and T2 Weighted Image
T1 - Protons in Fat
T2- Protons in Free Water, Tissue Water and Fat
\*Water Does not have signal in a T1 Image and does not show up White
38
The _____ Ultrasound Transducer will give you a Rectangular Image
Linear
\*Linear Transducer may Produce Clean Acoustic Shadowing
39
The Spleen is ____ Echogenic than the Kidney
More
\*The Spleen is Lighter in Color compared to the Cortex of the Kidney
41
True/False: The Thorax has High Inherent Contrast due to Air in the Lungs
True
\*Primary Air and Soft Tissue
43
Acoustic Shadowing that occurs at the Tissue-Gas Interface, where 99% of the Sound Wave gets Reflected
Dirty Acoustic Shadowing
\*Photo- White Portion on the Left Side of the Photo = Dirty Shadowing
44
Effect of \_\_\_\_, shows that Increased Opacity in the "Down" Lung Reduces Lesion Conspicuity in the Dependent Hemithorax (Silhouette Sign)
Recumbancy
\*Lung Collapses because of Gravity- Lung that no longer has Air will create an Opacity that appears Abnormal. If Radiographed in the VD Position, Lungs would look Normal
\*Always take Right and Left Lateral Radiographs of the Lungs to get a Good "Up" View of Both Lungs
44
3. Acoustic Enhancement, Edge Shadowing and Mirror Image Artifact
44
True/False: This is an Ultrasound of a Completely Full Stomach
True
46
In What Plane is the Transducer Cranially Oriented and will Produce this type of Image?
Sagittal Plane
\*If she Gives and Image and says it is in the Sagittal Plane- Know the Directions of each side: Cranial, Caudal, Ventral and Dorsal- KNOW
47
Underdeveloped
\*The Picture is Over Exposed
\*If the Techique was set for Grid but Grid Not used- The Image would be Darker than Normal
\*Light Leak in Darkroom- any visible Light is going to Expose the Film, leading to Darker Film
48
Review Card: Transverse Plane of the Stomach within the Abdomen when looked at from the Cranial View (Looking Toward the Patients Head)
\*Normal Orientation of the Stomach in the Abdomen- Patient is Upright (Dorsal Ventral)
\*Pylorus is Normally Located on the Right SIde of the Animal
\*Fundus is Normally Located on the Left Side of the Animal
50
Normal Anatomical Ultrasound of the \_\_\_\_\_
Kidney
\*Renal Medulla is Segmented
51
1.
\*Will be Very Similar Questions on the Quizzes and Exams
\*If the Distance between the Film and X-Ray Source Decreases the Intensity is going to Increase because you are getting Closer to the Source. Therefore the Answer has to be greater than 1. The Intensity Changes by the Square of the Distance
51
What are the "Go To" mAs and kVp combinations in the Thorax and Abdomen?
Thorax- Low mAs, High kVp (Low Contrast)
Abdomen- High mAs, Low kVp (High Contrast)
\*Know the Concept of mAs and kVp- Will be on all quizzes and Exams!!
53
Which Ultrasound Machine will Penetrate Deeper, The 10 Megahertz or the 5 Megahertz?
5 Megahertz
\*Penetration is Better with Low Frequency and Long Wavelength
55
What is the Anechoic (Black) Round Structure in the Ultrasound of the Abdomen
Gall Bladder
56
In Radiographs, Veins are seen ____ to Arteries
Ventral
\*Arteries are Dorsal to Veins
57
True/False: It is Acceptable to Hand Hold the X-Ray Machine
True
\*You can Hold the Machine so long as the Machine is Safe- Make sure Machine is not Leaking
60
Gold Standard Test for:
Neuroimaging (Brain and Spine)
Musculoskeletal
MRI
60
Acoustic Impedance is related to \_\_\_\_\_, leading to Strong Ultrasound Interfaces in Both Air and Bone
Density
\*Air and Bone are called "enemies of ultrasound" because Sound does not Penetrate these Structures. They are not good Structures to Scan with an Ultrasound
\*Sound Travels well through the Other Homogenous Tissues
62
In a _____ View Radiograph of the Stomach, Gas will be Located in the Fundus and Liquid will be Located in the Pylorus of the Stomach
Right Lateral
\*Right Side of the Animal is touching the Table
\*Gas Bubble Floats into the Fundus
63
When Adjusting mAs, the mAs is usually Halved or Doubled, which decreases or increases the number of X-Rays by a factor of \_\_\_\_
2x
\*Ex. If the Radiograph is too light, the mAs will be Doubled, which will Double the amount of X-Rays
\*Side note: kVp is **NOT** halved or doubled- it is changed by 15-20%
64
Dose Limit on Radiation of Pregnant Occupationally Exposed Personnel
**\< 5 mSv during Gestation**
\*There is a Risk to Developing Fetus to Radiation
66
On Ultrasound of the Normal Anatomy of the Liver, ____ are Visible, while Arteries are Not
Veins
\*Image shoes Hepatic and Portal Veins- Veins are Visible!
\*If you see Tubular Anechoic (Black) structures within the Lumen of the Liver, that will either be Hepatic or Portal Veins
\*Will NOT see Bile Ducts and Arteries on Ultrasound of Liver
67
Artifact that occurs Distal to Highly Reflective Objects (High Acoustic Impedance Mismatch), such as Bones and Air
Acoustic Shadowing
\*Interface Absorbs or Reflects entire sound resulting in Anechoic Area
\*Photo- Dark Section- Signal has been Lost
69
Review of Normal Lung Lobe Locations
\*4 Lung Lobes on Right Side- Cranial, Middle, Caudal, Accessory
\*2 Lung Lobes on Left Side- Cranial (2 Parts), Caudal
71
How can you Distinguish the Hepatic Vein from the Portal Vein on an Ultrasound of the Liver?
Portal Vein is Surrounded by a Thick White Wall
Hepatic Vein is NOT surrounded by a Wall
73
1. High Frequency, High Resolution, Low Penetration
74
What Artifact can be Identified on this Ultrasound of the Liver
Mirror Image Artifact
\*Mirror Image of Liver can be seen on the other side of the Lung-Diaphragm Interface
75
In an Ultrasound, the _____ Head is Fixated at the Greater Curvature of the Stomach at the level of the Costal Arch
Splenic
\*Entire Spleen has to be examined- Head, Body and Tail
\*Spleen- Hyperechoic Capsule with Smooth Margins and a Homogenous Fine Granular Appearance
77
True/False: This Radiograph Demostrates Lytic Lesions in the Ischium of the Pelvis
False
\*The Black Circles in the Pelvis are Gas Distended Anal Sacs Superimposing on the Ischium
78
mA (Current) x S (Time in Seconds) = \_\_\_\_\_, which is Directly ____ to the Number of Electrons Produced by the Cathode
mAs
Proportional
\*Ex. If we Double the mAs, we will double the amount of Electrons produced per second by the Cathode
\*mAs determines the final number of electrons, and thus number of X-Rays Produced
79
A _____ Radiograph is too Light, meaning either the kVp or mAs is too low
Underexposed
\*Low kVp or mAs leading to Fewer Electrons and thus Fewer X-Rays- not enough X-Rays are hitting the film
80
Always try to Scan _____ to the Surface when Preforming an Ultrasound
Perpendicular
\*Ideal Approach- The sound will come back straight to the Transfuser rather than be Reflected or Refracted
82
Best Plane to Ultrasound the Kidney to Diagnose Hydronephrosis (Water in the Kidneys)
Transverse Plane
\*If you suspect Hydronephrosis, you ALWAYS focus on the Transverse view
84
Higher Echogenicity than other Structures that in General Refers to White Structures with High Intensity of Returning Signals
Hyperechoic
\*The Spleen is Hyperechoic
87
Light Leak in Darkroom
\*Visible Light will Expose the Film and Cause it to be Darker
88
Radiograph is too Light. What Two things can you do to Fix the Problem?
Increase mAs
Increase kVp
\*Increasing mAs will increase the number of X-Rays and Increasing kVp will create Higher energy X-Rays which are more likely to hit the film
\*The Original Radiograph had an mAs or kVp that was too low, therefore not enough X-Rays were being produced
90
What Pattern of the Small Bowel shows:
1. Anechoic Luminal Content
Fluid Pattern
91
No
\*The Guy Holding the Cassette is in the Field of the Primary Beam
92
When Using a Grid to Decrease Scatter Degredation, \_\_\_\_x's more Photons are needed due to absorption of Primary Beam by Lead
2-3x's
\*Grid Absorbs some of the Primary Beam, therefore mAs must be Higher if Grid is used
94
Rib ___ is a Useful Reference for Right Caudal Lobe Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
9
\*The Vessels in the Caudal Lobe should be About the Same size as the 9th Rib
96
What Pattern of the Small Bowel shows:
1. Hyperechoic
2. With Acoustic Shadowing
3. Walls often appear less Distinct
Gas Pattern
\*Commonly see in Unfasted Patients
99
True/False: This is an Ultrasound of a Completely Full Stomach
False
\*This is an Ultrasound of a Fairly Empty Stomach- Rugue of the Stomach are Visible
100
Dogs have a Distinct Coiled \_\_\_\_\_, while Cats have no appreciable \_\_\_\_\_
Cecum
\*In the dog we see the cecum radiographically and in the cat we never see the cecum
\*Gas filled structure in the Middle of the Dogs Abdomen- Cecum
101
True/False: It is Acceptable to Hand Hold the Cassette
False
\*You should Not Hand Hold the Cassette- High Risk of being in the Primary Beam
102
Ultrasound of the Liver
What is Represented by the Red Line?
Lung-Diaphragm Interface
103
Echogenicity that is Less Echoic than Other structures that refers in general to Medium Gray Tones with a Low Intensity of Returning Signals
Hypoechoic
\*Less Echogenic
\*Photo- The Liver would be Hyoechoic compared to the Spleen
104
List The 5 Opacities
\*Water AKA Soft Tissue
\*Metal is the Most Opaque and Air is the Least Opaque
\*Something that is Opaque is White and Something that is Radiolucent is Black
106
What is the View of this Radiograph Taken of the Stomach
Ventral Dorsal
\*Fluid is Within the Fundus and the Pylorus is filled with Gas
107
Summary Slide
\*Pictures of the Abdomen- For the Abdomen we want High Contrast- Low kVp and High mAs
\*Know the kVp and mAs for the Abdomen and Thorax
108
True/False: Gloves and Gowns do not protect from the Primary Beam, they only Protect from Scatter Radiation
True!!!
\*Nothing, Except the Patient, should Ever go in the Primary Beam
109
Creating a Perfect Film using a High mAs and Low kVp, will result in ____ Contrast Films
High
111
What Mode of Ultrasound does this Represent?
B-mode
\*Brightness Mode- Brightness reflects intensity of the Signal
112
3. 1: Clean; 2: Dirty
113
Free Abdominal Fluid that appears to be Speckled/More Echogenic is more likely to be \_\_\_\_, Blood, or Chyle
Exudate
115
What are the 5 Layers that make up the Intestinal Layering of the Small and Large Intestine?
Serosa- Hyperechoic
Muscularis- Hypoechoic
Submucosa- Hyperechoic
Mucosa- Hypoechoic (THICKEST)
Lumen-Mucosa Interface- Hyperechoic
116
When doing a Film on the _____ use a High kVp and Low mAs. When doing a Film on the ____ use a Low kVp and High mAs
Thorax
Abdomen
118
If you Half mAs, and Increase kVp by 15%, the New Image will have a ____ Contrast
Lower
\*Do this when you want to Change Contrast but Maintain same Film Blackness
120
Echogenicity that is Homogeneously Black with Very Low Intensity of Returning Echoes
Anechoic
\*Photo- Bladder is Anechoic
\*Anechoic structures in Ultrasound are usually Fluid Filled
121
Yes
\*Assuming they have aprons on and the X-Ray machine isn't leaking, it is acceptable to hold the X-Ray machine and the Person holding the cassette has on Gloves and is outside of the Primary Beam
122
Summary Picture of Radiography, CT, and MRI
\*Best Detail- Radiography
Best Contrast Resolution- MRI
124
Special Case of Superimposition where Overlapping Structures create a Summation Opacity that is Not Really Present in the Patient
Summation Sign
125
True/False: Bone shows Up White in an MR Image
False
\*Bone is Black in an MR Image- Bone and Air Give no Signal in MR Images and therefore appear Black. Water and Fat appear White
126
Ultrasound of the Liver
What is the Blue Arrow Pointing at?
Portal Vein
\*Hyperechoic Wall
127
Be Able to Identify the 5 Opacities
128
Wet Hair
\*So much water in the hair- it has enough density that it is absorbing X-Rays
\*Static Electricity is Black
129
The Moment the Sound Signal goes through a Fluid Filled structure, such as the Gallbladder, the Ultrasound machine Overcompensates, leading to this Artifact
Acoustic Enhancement
\*Fluid of Homogenous Acoustic Impedance attentuates less sound than the surrounding tissue
130
Ultrasound Artifact that is Characterized as a Small Shadow at the edge of Round Structures
Edge Shadowing
132
CT
\*Bone is White
133
Normal Anatomical Ultrasound of the _____ Vein at the Hilus
Splenic
134
2 or 4
\*The Film is Overexposed
\*Either Half the mAs or Decrease kVp by 15% in order to make the Image Lighter
135
An _____ Radiograph is too Dark, either the kVp or mAs is too High
Overexposed
\*Too many X-Rays are hitting the Film
136
In a _____ View Radiograph of the Stomach, Fluid will Run into the Fundus and the Gas Bubble will be within the Pyloric Antrum
Ventral Dorsal
\*Patients laying with Back on the Table
137
What is the Correct Name for this Radiograph?
Left-Right Lateral (**Right Lateral)**
\*Point of Entrance to Point of Exit- The Patients Right Side is on the Table
\*Right Lateral- The Patients Right Side is Touching the Table
138
Digital Images that are Overexposed become _____ and Anatomy Disappears
"Saturated"
\*Look at the Tail in the Image- It is so Overexposed the Image "Drops Out" aka Saturated. The Anatomy of the Tail Disappears in the Radiograph
139
The Effacement (loss of Visualization) of the Border of Two Structures of the same radiographic opacity that are _in contact_
Silhouette Sign
\*KNOW THIS- very important
\*Two Structures with the same Radiographic Opacity are in Contact, therefore you Can't Visualize the Border of the Structures
140
Timing Sequence which the Magnet Primarily "Hears" Protons in Tissue Water, and Gets rid of Protons in Free Water
FLAIR
\*Photo- CSF Is taken away in FLAIR Image. Lesion More Obvious when CSF (Free Water) is Removed
141
The _____ Ultrasound Transducer, that is best used for Echocardiology
Sector
\*Best to use for Echocardiology
