Midterm/ Quiz 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Real-Time Tomographic View of the Heart in Longitudinal and Transverse Planes that is good for assessing Masses, Valvular Abonormalities, Pericaridal Effusion and Septal Defects
A
B-Mode
*Blood will be a Black Color and the Walls of the Heart will be a Shade of Grey
1
Q
Which View of an Echocardiogram is this, that is used to look at the Aorta and Left Atrium?
A
Right Parasternal Short Axis (B) View
1
Q
What Measurement are we Taking in this Echocardiogram on the Right Side of the Patient?
A
M-Mode
*M-Mode is taken on the Right Side of the Patient and should Go through a Symmetrical Left Ventricle
*M-Mode is used for Cardiac Measurements and Fractional Shortening
Picture: Blood is Anechoic (Black) and represents the Ventricles, while the Grey Areas will be the Ventricular Walls
1
Q
A
*Diagnose Heart Disease- Echocardiography
*Diagnose Heart Failure-Thoracic Radiograph (Cardiogenic Edema)
1
Q
The Mediastinum has _____ Opacity
A
Soft Tissue
1
Q
Free Gas in the Mediastinum, which May Progress to Pneumothorax
A
Pneumomediastinum
*The Mediastinum is Not a Closed Cavity, it has an Opening Cranially and Caudally at the Neck and Retroperitoneal Spacce
_*_Ex. If the Patient has a Neck Injury they can have Air Dissecting into the Mediastinum
*Pneumomediastinum can Cause a Pneumothorax, but a Pneumothorax can never cause a Pneumomediastinum
1
Q
Persistant Right Fourth Aortic Arch commonly Leads to _____, that Constricts the Esophagus at the Heart-Base that May Result in Sacculations or Diverticulum of the Oral Part of the Esophagus as well as Generalized Megaesophagus
A
Vascular Ring Anomaly
*Constriction of the Esophagus at the Heart Base- Characteristic of Vascular Ring Anomaly
*Occurs in Young animals when they are switching from Liquid Food to Solid Food
1
Q
A
Fat
1
Q
What is Detected in This Radiograph?
A
Pleural Fissure Lines
1
Q
On CT, Will the Ventral Dorsal or Dorsal Ventral View of Pleural Effusion Cause Cardiac Silouhetting Faster?
A
Dorsal Ventral
*In Dorsal Ventral View, you only need a small Amount of Pleural Fluid before Cardiac Silouhetting Occurs
*In the Ventral Dorsal View you need a Significant Amount of Pleural Fluid before Sillouhetting Occurs
1
Q
What is Occuring in this Radiograph?
A
Moderate Pleural Effusion
*Retracted Lung Lobes and Pleural Fissure Lines
*Photo- In Ventral Dorsal View, the Heart is More Visible. In Dorsal Ventral View, you CANNOT see the Heart
1
Q
What is this Radiograph of a Patient with Tension Pneumothorax showing?
A
Tenting of Diaphragm
1
Q
True/False: This is a Radiograph of a Pneumothorax
A
False
*This is Volume Depletion- The Cardiac Silhouette is not Touching the Sternum because the Heart is Small, not because there is Gas within the Space. You can still see Pulmonary Blood Vessels and Bronchi in the Space between the Heart and the Thoracic Wall
1
Q
A
Left Lateral
*Caudal Vena Cava crosses over the Cranial Crus and Enters the Caudal Crus. Caudal Vena Cava always enters the Right Crus
1
Q
What is the Best Radiographic View for seeing the Pharynx and Larynx?
A
Lateral View
*In the VD View, most structures are Superimposed
1
Q
Which Lung Pattern is seen in the Radiograph Below?
A
Bronchial Pattern
*Donut Shape
1
Q
A
Right Pulmonary Artery
*The Left Pulmonary Artery and Vein is Always DORSAL to the Right Pulmonary Artery and Vein
*“X” in the Photo shows where the Bronchus is- Between the Vein and Artery
1
Q
Atelectasis leads to an Increased Soft Tissue Opacity and Decreased Size of the Lung Lobe, while Consolidation leads to Increased Soft Tissue Opacity and ____ Size of the Lung Lobe
A
Normal
*Consolidation- The Heart stays in the Normal Position
1
Q
This is a Radiograph of :
A. Lung Consolidation
B. Lung Atelectasis
A
B. Lung Atelectasis
*Heart is Not in the Normal Position
2
Q
With Echocardiology, we use a ____ Frequency Transducer because we need to Penetrate Deeper Tissues
A
Lower
*3.0-5.0 MHz for Large Dogs
5.0-7.5 MHz for Small Dogs
*If you have a _Sector Transduce_r in your Clinic, it will most likely be used for Echocardiology and will have Lower Frequencies
2
Q
What Thoracic Wall Lesion is this Radiograph Depicting?
A
Body Wall Hernia
*Intestinal Loops Herniating into the Subcutaneous Tissue
2
Q
Area Between the Accesory and Left Caudal Lobes that is only seen in Dorsal Ventral/Ventral Dorsal Views
A
Caudoventral Mediastinal Reflection
*Arrow is Pointing at the Caudoventral Mediastinum
2
Q
What is the Arrow Pointing to in this Radiograph?
A
Basihyoid Bone
*Can be Easily Confused with a Foreign Body
2
Q
What is the Pathology in this Radiograph, leading to Displacement and Compression of the Trachea
A
Heart Base Tumor
2
**2. Right Middle Lung Lobe**
2
**B. False**
**\***_You want to take a Left-Right Lateral, where the Right side of the Horse is near the Cassette_
3
Mode of Echocardiography where _only Structures associated with the Cursor will be Scanned_ that is used for measurement of Wall Thickenss, Chamber Size, and Valve Movement Pattern
**M-Mode**
**\***Only Records what is Occuring over the "Line"
\*_2-3 Measurments should be Taken_
_\*The Right and Left Ventricles will Appear Anechoic (Black), while the Ventricular Walls will appear Grey_
4
In the ____ Lateral View of the Diaphragm you See:
_1. Left Crus is more Cranial_
_2. Caudal Vena Cava Crosses Over Cranial Crus and Enters Caudal One_
_3. Crura are Divergent_
**Left**
_\*In Left Lateral, the Right Crus is Caudal_
_\*The Left Crus is Cranially Positioned when the Animal is in Left Lateral_
4
What is the Pathology in this Radiograph of a **Horse?**
**No Pathology**
**\***This is a Normal Thoracic Radiograph in a Horse
_\*Red Triangle- Very Important in a Horse- This would be the First place that Bronchopneumonia would Manifest and you would loose the Triangular Radiolucency- Area between the Caudal Vena Cava, Diaphram and Cardiac Silhouette_
4
What is the Diagnosis based on this Radiograph on a Horse?
**Bronchopneumonia**
\*Don't see the Opaque Triangle like you Should
5
**A. Detected**
**\***Normally cannot see all those Blood Vessels
5
Pleural Disease Characterized by **Fluid in the Pleural Space**
**Pleural Effusion**
6
Review of Echocardiology
\*We Begin Echocardiology on the Right Side with the Patient in Lateral Recumbancy
7
What _Reading_ would you Expect from this **Spectral Doppler** Image?
(assuming the Patient has no Heart Problems)
**Above the Baseline**
**\***Blood is Flowing _Towards_ the Transducer
7
In ____ Lateral View of the Diaphragm you See:
_1. Right Crus is more Cranial_
_2. Caudal Vena Cava enters most Cranial Crus (1st Crus)_
_3. Crura are more Parallel_
**Right**
**\***Caudal Vena Cava goes to the Right Crus- Enters the Cranial Aspect of the Diaphragm
\*In Right Lateral the Vena Cava _Sillouhettes_ with the Diaphragm
\*_Right Crus is Cranial when the Animal is in Right Lateral_
9
Part of the Body that Consists of Two Layers of Mediastinal Pleura with a Space Between them that Communicates with the Neck Cranially and the Retroperitoneal Space Caudally
**Mediastinum**
_**\*Fenestrated**- Unilateral Disease is Uncommon_
_\*If you get Unilateral Diease- It is Diagnostic for Pleural Effusion with Thicker Fluid (Ex. Pus)_
10
Which is **Incorrect** about Perparation for Echocardiography:
A. Quiet Patient is Best
B. Sedation is Preferred
C. Begin in Right Lateral Recumbancy
D. Gel or Alcohol applied Liberally
**B. Sedation is Preferred**
\*_Sedation is AVOIDED due to Cardiovascular Changes_
_\*We Start on the **Right** Side with Echocardiology_
11
What pathology can be Seen in this Radiograph of the **Trachea**?
**Tracheoesophageal Stripe Sign**
\*There must be Gas within the Esophagus
12
These are Characteristics of _____ Lung Pattern:
1. Air Bronchograms
2. Border Effacement (Silhouette)
3. Lobar Distribution
4. Labile
**Alveolar**
**\***Lobar Distribution- More likely to Involve just One Lobe
\* _Labile- Changes Quickly Over Time_
_\*Air Bronchogram- Air in the Bronchi, but no longer in the Alveoli_
13
Lung Pattern characterized by _Inflammed Interstium_ leading to Soft Tissue **Nodules** and Haziness of the Radiograph
**Structured Interstitial Pattern**
\*Top Differential- _Metastasis_
14
When Evaluating a Lesion in the **Left Lung** of a Horse, what View Radiograph would be Best?
**Right-Left Lateral**
**\***Lesion Detail in Adult Horses is Optimized by Placing the Lesion closer to the Cassette (opposite of Small Animal)
16
Which One of These Radiographs Depicts a Thoracic Wall Mass?
**Left Photograph- Extrapleural Lesion (Thoracic Wall)**
**\***Photograph A- Depicts an Intrapulmonary Lesion within the Lungs
\*_Extrapleural Sign- When you see the Mass Pushing the Thoracic Wall Pleura, that Indicates that the Mass is Coming from Inside the Thoracic Wall, and not within the Lungs_
18
In the _____ View of the Diaphragm, the animal is Positioned in Dorsal Recumbancy and the Abdominal Contents fall into the Crura leading to _Three Arches_ in the Diaphragm
**Ventral Dorsal**
**\***In Ventral Dorsal you May Detect 1,2, or 3 Dome Shaped Structures associated with the Diaphragm
18
Lung Pattern that is Normally only seen in Main stem Bronchi, but Smaller Bronchi become Visible with _Mineralization and Cellular or Fluid Infiltration_
**Bronchial Pattern**
**\***Only seen with _Mineralization and Cellular/Fluid Infiltration_
_\*Characterized by Ring Shadows **(Donuts) and Tram Lines**_
20
What is the Pathology in this Radiograph of the **Trachea**?
**Mass Lesion** (Thyroid Mass)
\*Trachea is Displaced to the Left Side of the Mediastinum- _Trachea should be on the Right Side of the Mediastinum_
21
Condition where Abdominal Viscera Protrudes through the Diaphragm, where the Most Common Cause is Trauma (Ex. Hit by Car)
**Diaphragmantic Hernia**
**\***May or May not result in Clinical Signs- Dyspnea, Abdominal Pain, Vomiting ect.
\*_Photo- Soft Tissue Opacity in the Thorax- Abdominal Contents that we are seeing in the Thoracic Cavity. The Lungs are displaced Dorsally by the Soft Tissue Opacity. Stomach is Displaced more Cranially than Normal_
21
Technique Valuable for _Assessing Esophageal Function and Structure_ that is Indicated in Patients with Regurgitation, Dysphagia, and Survey Radiographic Findings
**Esophagram**
**\***Must Select a Contrast agent that will Adhere to Mucosa and be Safe for the Patient
\*Photo- Normal Canine Esophagram
22
What Lung Pattern is Occuring in this Radiograph?
**Alveolar Pattern**
**\***You cannot See the Cardiac Silhoutte- Only Lung Pattern that Leads to Border Effacement of the Heart
24
\*Normal Blood flow should Travel from Left Atrium to the Left Ventricle- Towards the Transducer- Should be Above the Baseline
\*Major Blood flow going in the Opposite Direction- Blood is Traveling Away from the Transducer from the Left Ventricle to the Left Atrium- **Mitral Valve Insufficiency**
26
What Abormality in this Radiograph is Causing the Marked Tracheal Displacement and Esophageal Enlargment around the Heart Base?
**Vascular Ring Anomaly**
\*Kinked/Focal Depression of the Trachea
27
What Disease is Shown in this Radiograph of the **Cranioventral Mediastinum?**
**Sternal Lymphadenopathy**
29
Persistant Focal Narrowing with Dilation of the Oral Portion of the **Esophagus** that is Easily Demonstrated with Contrast Radiography
**Esophageal Strictures**
**\***Narrowing of the Lumen where only a Small amount of Contrast Passes Through
_\*Marked Dilation will Occur Orally to the Stricture. Stricture will be Aboral to the Dilation_
29
Pleural ______ Lines- The Pleural Regions between Lung Lobes
**Fissure**
**\***Pleural Fissure Lines Vary with the Amount of Fluid Present and Alignment of Normal Pleura with X-Ray Beam
31
What Lung Pattern are we Seeing in this Radiograph?
**Alveolar Pattern**
\*Soft Tissue Opacity- Only pattern that causes Soft Tissue Opacity
32
**True**
33
What View is this Echocardiogram?
**Right Parasternal Long Axis View**
\*In Right Sternal the Right Side of the Heart will be at the Top of the Echocardiogram
\*Great View for Looking at the _Mitral Valves_
34
What Structure is Outlined by the Purple Circle?
**Carina of Trachea**
**\***The Trachea should Run Straight
\*Photo- This is what a Normal Trachea Looks Like
35
Lung Pattern Characterized by _Air in the Bronchus and Fluid in the Alveoli_, where the Bronchus stands out very Easily
**Alveolar Pattern**
38
In Standardized Echocardiography, we Start from the ____ Hand Side and do a 2D-Orientation and Morphology as well as Pulmonary Valve Flow Dynamic
**Right**
**\***The Only doppler Measurement done on the Right Side of the Animal is the Pumonary Valve Flow Dynamic
38
Usual Sites for _____ Include:
_Thoracic Inlet_
_Heart Base_
_Esophageal Hiatus_
**Foreign Bodies**
**\***Foreign Bodies are of Variable Opacities
40
What is the Pathology in this Radiograph of the **Laryngeal** Area?
**Retropharyngeal Abscess**
\*Compression of the Trachea
42
Which Lung Pattern is present in this Radiograph?
**Alveolar Pattern**
**\***Air Bronchograms and Soft Tissue Opacity are Present
43
What is Detected in this Radiograph?
**Pleural Fissure Lines**
**\***Soft Tissue Opacity- Fluid within the Pleural Cavity- _Pleural Effusion_
44
Pick the Standard Protocal for Echocardiography:
A. Right Side- 2 Long Axis Views
B. Right Side- 4 Short Axis Views
C. Left Side- 2 Long Axis Views
**All of the Above** should be Done in Standard Echocardiography
46
Radiographic Signs of _____ Include:
_Abdominal Viscera in Pleural Space_
_Displacement of Abdominal Structures_
_Displacement of Thoracic Structures_
_Pleural Fluid_
**Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia**
47
Causes of ______ Include:
Air Escaping from Lung along Pleural Planes
Neck Trauma
Retroperitoneal Space Trauma
Rupture of Cervical Trachea or Esophagus
**Pneumomediastinum**
48
This is a Radiograph of :
A. Lung Consolidation
B. Lung Atelectasis
**A. Lung Consolidation**
\*_Heart is in the Normal Position_
**\***Red Outline shows the "Lobar Sign" associated with Alveolar Pattern
50
What can be Diagnosed in this Radiograph?
**Generalized Megaesophagus**
**\***Trachea is Depressed Ventrally
52
The **Cuadal Vena Cava** enters the ____ Crus
**Right**
**\***_Cuadal Vena Cava enters the Right Side of the Diaphragm_
53
What is Most Likely Causing the Dorsal Displacement of the Trachea and Soft Tissue Opacity on this Radiograph?
**Pleural Effusion with Mediastinal Mass**
**\***The Pleural Effusion is Most Likely Hiding the Mediastinal Mass, but you can see Accentuated Soft Tissue opacity near the Mediastinal Space- Highly Suspicious that there is a Mediastinal Mass Hinding under the Pleural Fluid
55
What Pathology is occuring in this Radiograph leading to a **Kink in the Trachea?**
**Persistant Right Aortic Arch**
**\***This is very Diagnostic for PRAA
56
Are these Masses located in the Mediastinum or in the Lung?
**Lung**
**\***These Lesions are Not Located Near the Mediastinum
_\*There are No Extrapleural Signs- No Pushing on the Pleura, Therefore it is Intrapulmonary_
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Leads to Gas Contrast in the **Mediastinum** allowing for Visualization of the Cranial Vena Cava, Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Subclavian Artery, And Esophagus
**Pneumomediastinum**
\* These Structures are Not Visible on Normal Radiograph of the Thorax, but in a Patient with Pneumomediastium, you will be able to Visualize these structures due to the Gas Contrast
_\*In Normal Animals, you should not be able to See These Structures_
59
Best Radiographic View to see the _Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Vein and Bronchus_
**Left Lateral**
**\***_Veins are Ventral and Central- In the Lateral View, the Vein will be Ventral_
61
**Mediastinal Mass** that Gives a "Bow-legged Cowboy Sign" on Dorsal Ventral View because Enlargment of this Lymph Node Results in Displacement of the Principle Bronchi Laterally and a Curved Appearance
**Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes**
62
Two Routinely Used Right Parasternal **Short** Axis Views on Echocardiography
**B and E**
62
What can be Diagnosed on this Radiograph?
**Pneumothorax**
**\***Everything between the Retracted Lung Lobe and the Thoracic Wall is a Gas Opacity. You can tell that the Space is not Lung, because you can't see any Blood Vessels or Bronchi
63
Radiographic Signs of _____ occur when the **Esophagus** is Dilated Along its Entire Length but Prominent in Mediastinum, where the Esophagus may be Filled with Gas, Fluid or Ingesta
**Generalized Megaesophagus**
\*_Horizontal Beam_ Radiography may Demonstrate Fluid in the Esophagus
64
The Left Pulmonary Artery is always more ____ than the Right Pulmonary Artery, Regardless of Radiographic View
**Dorsal**
_**\***The Bronchus is always accompanied by an Artery and Vein- Triad_
65
What Abnormalitity is seen within the Red Circle?
**Tracheoesophageal Stripe Sign**
67
What Thoraic Wall Lesion is this Radiograph Depicting
**Subcutaneous Emphysema**
**\***Gas build up underneath the Skin
68
In Doppler Echocardiology, you want to Maintain the Angle at Less than ____ Degrees in order to Ensure an Error of less than 10%
**22 Degrees**
**\***If the Angle is Greater than 22 Degrees, the Error will be Greater than 10% (Substantial Error)
69
In the _____ View of the Diaphragm the Abdominal Contents Fall Sternally leading to Only _One Bulge_ on Radiograph
**Dorsal Ventral**
70
_Caudal_ Lung Lobe **Pulmonary Blood Vessels** are Better seen in _____ View
**Dorsal Ventral**
**\***_Veins are Ventral and Central_- In the DV View, the Vein will be Central
71
What can be Diagnosed in this Radiograph?
**Pneumothorax**
\*_Loss of Sternal Contact- Normally the Cardiac Silhoutte is Touching the Sternum. If the Heart appears to be "Floating" that is Diagnostic for Pneumothorax_
_\*Photo- The White arrows are Pointing to the Lung Margins- In Pneumothorax, the Lungs are Compressed and become more Solid and Opaque_
72
A _____ Transducer is used for Echocardiology because it Penetrates the Intercoastal Spaces and Can be Turned Around
**Sector**
**\***Pie Shaped
73
**Detected**
**\***_Soft Tissue Opacity- No cardiac Sillhouette. Can see Air Bronchograms_
74
Gold Standard Test for **Thoracic Neoplastic Metastasis**
**CT**
**\***Best test to Detect Metastasis- Gold Standard for Metastasis
75
Sign that Indicates _Gas in the Esophagus_
**Tracheoesophageal Stripe Sign**
\*Ventral Wall of the Esophagus and Dorsal Wall of the Trachea will Shilouette causing the Tracheoesophageal Stripe Sign
77
**Congenital Abnormality** Characterized by:
_Round Cardiac Silhouette_
_Heterogenous Opacity of Cardiac Silouette_
_Silhouetting of Heart and Diaphragm_
**Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia (PPDH)**
**\***This is not an Enlarged Heart- The Opacity Surrounding the Heart is Fat. There Falciform Fat Herniated into the Peritoneal Pericardial Sac
\*Confined to the Cardiac Silhouette- Otherwise it would be a Diaphragmatic Hernia
80
Most Commonly, only the Most Ventral portion of the **Diaphragm** is Detected as it is adjacent to the \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Falciform Ligament**
**\***Falciform Ligment Contains Fat
82
Which of the Following is Done on the **Right Side** in Echocardiology:
A. 2D Orientation and Morphology
B. M-Mode
C. Doppler Evaluation of Pulmonary Valves
D. All of the Above
**D. All of the Above**
**\***Only Valve we look at on the Right Side- Pulmonary Valve
83
\_\_\_\_ is a Common Cause of Unilateral Distributions of **Pleural Effusions**
**Pyothorax**
86
In \_\_\_\_\_, Lung Lesions are Best Detected in the Lung Closest to the Cassette because Lesions in the "Far" Lung are Distorted due to Magnification
**Large Animals**
**\***Opposite Principle for Small Animals
88
What Pathology can be Seen in this Radiograph of the **Larynx**?
**Fractured Hyoid Apparatus**
**\***Dog Bite was the Cause
91
What is the Pathology in this Radiograph of the **Trachea**?
**Mass Lesion**
**\***Trachea is Displaced Ventrally- Trachea is Indented
93
What is Detected in this Radiograph?
**Pleural Effusion**
**\***Cannot See Cardiac Sillhouette
\*Red Lines show Retracted Lung Lobes. Everything Ventral to the Lines is Pleural Effusion
94
True/False: This Radiograph demonstrates **Tracheal Collapse**
**False**
**\***Either Draping Esophagus or Redundant Trachealis Doralis Membrane causing Soft Tissue Opacity within the Trachea, However the _Trachea is NOT Collapsed_
96
Which Congenital Abnormality is this?
**Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia**
**\***Silouetting of the Heart and Diaphragm
\*_Fat Herniating into the Pericardial Sac_
97
Sign that is Seen in the Ventral Dorsal View when the Enlarged _Esophagus is Gas Filled_, the Left and Right Walls of the Esophagus are sometimes Visible as Two Soft Tissue Stripes that Covers the Esophageal Hiatus of the Diaphragm
**"V" Sign**
**\***Two Convering Soft tissue Lines form a V at the Diaphragm
\*_Gas Filled Megaesophagus- V Sign is very characteristic for Megaesophagus_
98
Most Severe (Emergency) **Pneumothorax,** characterized by Continuous Influx of air on Inspiration that does not return to the Lung on Expiration
**Tension** Pneumothorax
101
True/False: A Diagnosis of Cardiac Failure cannot be based on Echocardiology Alone
**True**
\*Disadvantage of Echocardiology
102
Lung Pattern characterized by _Inflammed Interstium_ leading to Diffuse Haziness of the Radiograph
**Unstructured Interstitial Pattern**
103
What are the Arrows Pointing to in these Radiographs?
**Cranioventral Mediastinal Reflection**
\*Soft Tissue Opacity- This is the Cranioventral Mediastinal Reflection
104
**2. On the Side where B is**
**\***By Standardization, regardless if its a VD or DV View, Left will Always be the Side Labelled "B"
105
True/False: Pneumomediastinum can Cause a Pneumothorax, but a Pneumothorax can never cause a Pneumomediastinum
**True**
**\*KNOW THIS**
**\***_A Pneumothorax can Never Become a Pneumomediastinum_
106
**1. Detected**
**\***You can see where the Dorsal wall of the Trachea and the Ventral Wall of the Esophagus meet- Thick White Line- Therefore there is _Gas in the Esophagus_
107
**Pneumothorax** where a Greater Degree of Lung Collapses leading to Tenting of the Diaphragm and "Barrel-Chested" Appearance
**Tension Pneumothorax**
**\***Emergency
\*Red Line shows Retracted Lung Lobe- Severely Retracted
108
With **Spectral Doppler,** Anything Below the Baseline means the Blood is Flowing ____ from the Transducer
**Away**
109
Retraction of the Lungs with Increased Opacity between Lung and Body Wall
**Pleural Effusion**
\*Soft Tissue Opacity between the Retracted Lung Lobes and Thoracic Wall
\*Don't see Cardiac Sillhouette- The Soft Tissue Opacity of the Heart is Hidden by Severe Pleural Effusion
111
What Condition is leading to the Very Characteristic Tracheal Indentation in this Radiograph?
**Vascular Ring Anomaly**
**\***_Tracheal Indentation- Diagnostic for Vascular Ring Anomaly_
\*Esophagus that is Dilated and Filled with Ingesta
112
These Numbers Represent the Location of What Three Lymph Nodes?
**1. Sternal Lymph Node**
**2. Cranial Mediastinal Lymph Node**
**3. Tracheobronchial Lymph Node**
113
Is This Mass Located within the Mediastinum or the Lung?
**Mediastinum**
**\***The Mass is located on the Midline of the Thoracic Cavity (Near the Vertebral Column), which is where the Mediastinum Lies
\*The Caudalventral Mediastinum is Visible in this Radiograph
114
**CT**
115
\_\_\_\_\_ Flow (Regurgitation) is Often Bright and a Mixture of Colors on Doppler Readings
**Turbulent**
**\***_Blue = Away_
_Red = Towards_
\*In this Image the Blood is Mainly Traveling _Away_ from the Transducer, from the Left Ventricle into the Left Atrium = **Mitral Insufficiency**
116
What Lung Pattern is seen in the Radiographs Below?
**Bronchial Pattern**
**\***Donuts and Tram Lines
117
In this M-Mode Reading, Point out Systole and Diastole
118
Which View of an Echocardiogram is This, that is used to Examine the _Mitral Valve?_
_Right Parasternal Short Axis (**E**) View_
