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Comparative Politics > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Civil society

A

Set of organizations in civic life outside the state through which citizens associate, articulate, and advance their interests; values of trust, cooperation and tolerance building social capital

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1
Q

Interest groups

A

Organizations that make demands in the political sphere on behalf of their constituents and members

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2
Q

Social capital

A

Features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit

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3
Q

Civil society in pluralist and corporatist systems

A

Pluralist: less state involvement, nonhierarchical characteristics, multiple groups competing
Corporatist: more state involvement, hierarchical characteristics, fewer groups with limited competition

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4
Q

Civil society and democratization

A

Conducive conditions, organization/mobilization, helps overcome collective action problem, social capital

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5
Q

Civil society and democratic transition

A

Weak civil society can hinder consolidation

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6
Q

Civil society and quality of democracy

A

Stimulates civic and political participation, provides alternate channels for interest representation, develops democratic attitudes, promotes socioeconomic development

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7
Q

Contention

A

The pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions

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8
Q

Revolutions

A

Efforts to dramatically transform society and its political and/or social structures

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9
Q

Social movement

A

Ongoing, organized and sustained collective action oriented toward a goal of social change

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10
Q

Social networks

A

Structures of social ties and connections among individuals

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11
Q

Social movement organizations

A

Organizations created to help maintain and lead social movement activity over time

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12
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

Organizational leadership necessarily creates its own interest

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13
Q

Insurgencies

A

Contention with formalized military conflict

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14
Q

Civil war

A

Sustained military conflict between domestic actors

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15
Q

Terrorism

A

Violence toward non military targets

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16
Q

Everyday resistance

A

Efforts to resist or obstruct authority that are not clearly organized over time

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17
Q

Social revolutions

A

Changes social and political structures

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18
Q

Political revolutions

A

Alter political institutions rather than social and economic structures

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19
Q

Relative deprivation and social disequilibrium theory of contention

A

Major changes cause social strain or conflict increased demand for revolution

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20
Q

Resource mobilization and political opportunities theory of contention

A

State breakdown creates political opportunity for revolution; organizational resources matter

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21
Q

Rational choice theory of contention

A

Rationality of joining a revolution depends upon upping individual benefits and lowering risk

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22
Q

Framing theory of contention

A

Ability to frame revolution in a meaningful way shapes success

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23
Q

Identity

A

Social label that locates an individual or group in society

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24
Q

National identity

A

An identity that locates ones social position in relation to national membership

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25
Q

Nationalism

A

The view that the world is and should be divided into nations that are sovereign and egalitarian

26
Q

Origins of nationalism: three theories

A

Primordialism: primitive groups formed nations
Perennialism: in the middle
Modernism: emerged in Europe 17th/18th c

27
Q

Civic nationalism

A

“Western”; depends on state membership

28
Q

Ethnic nationalism

A

“Eastern”; depends on ancestry

29
Q

Individualistic nationalism

A

Nations are associations of individuals; always civic not ethnic

30
Q

Collectivistic nationalism

A

Nations have collective agency; will beyond that of individuals; can be civic or ethnic

31
Q

Race

A

Idea that human beings are divided into different groups; often thought of biological categories and usually based on skin color

32
Q

Racial formation

A

Creation of races

33
Q

Racialization

A

Process through which race becomes a significant issue

34
Q

Ethnicity

A

Quality that one has by identifying with or being a member of an ethnic group

35
Q

Ethnic group

A

A group that identifies itself as having strong cultural commonality and a shared sense of long run history

36
Q

Gender

A

Culturally constructed roles or identities one has by virtue of being considered male or female

37
Q

Empowerment

A

The process to increase the social, political, or economic capabilities of an individual or group

38
Q

Primordial bonds theory of nationalism

A

Evolution encourages the development of such identities: those who developed collective identities can survive and outcompete those who did not

39
Q

Structural forces theory of nationalism

A

Social structures give rise to nationalism

40
Q

Political institutions theory of nationalism

A

State is a leading political institution that created nations

41
Q

Cultural construction theory of nationalism

A

Elites facing status inconsistency use the idea of nation as they pursue their interests

42
Q

Primordial bounds theory of national conflict

A

Groups that feel their identity is under threat are likely sources of conflict

43
Q

Cultural boundaries theory of national conflict

A

Types of boundaries between groups contribute to likelihood of conflict

44
Q

Material interests theory of national conflict

A

Ethno-national identity is used as an instrument for purposes like gaining power and/or accessing resources

45
Q

Rational calculation theory of national conflict

A

Rational choice of actors explains prescience or absence of conflict

46
Q

Social movement mobilization theory of representation

A

Social movements are often the force that brings about social change, thus transforming public attitudes about a group

47
Q

Institutional methods for representation

A

reserved seat system, candidate quota system

48
Q

Political culture

A

A set of beliefs or a meaning system that people hold about politics and related matters

49
Q

Modernity

A

Society that typically experiences economic development (industrialization) and a relatively strong modern state and is associated with a particular set of socio-cultural norms, attitudes, and practices

50
Q

Modermization

A

Process through which a state becomes more modern

51
Q

Ideology

A

Highly organized systems of ideas about politics

52
Q

Liberalism

A

Emphasizes individual freedoms, representatives, democracy, and the market economy

53
Q

Fascism

A

Authoritarian ideology favoring militarism and right wing nationalism

54
Q

Socialism

A

Emphasizes economic equality to be pursued through state action

55
Q

Functions of religion

A

Foster social integration, give a sense of order, motivate collective action, feature transcendent force of good

56
Q

Secularization

A

Process through which societies become less religious, often as they become more modern; differentiation from the state

57
Q

Religious states

A

Religion is a key part of official politics

58
Q

Lay states

A

Establish a formal separation of religion and public life

59
Q

Denominationalism

A

System that supports religious pluralism and voluntary participation in denominations

60
Q

Modernization theory of Secularization

A

Less existential insecurity leads to less need for religion

61
Q

Religious economics theory of Secularization

A

Demand for religion is constant, religiosity depends on market–more competitive market increases religiosity

62
Q

Institutional theories of Secularization

A

More complex societies leads to more varied institutions

Comparative Politics (5 decks)

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