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Comparative Politics > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Empirical

A

Ask and explain why something is; from observation

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1
Q

Comparative politics

A

Sub field of poli sci explaining phenomena using the comparative method

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2
Q

Normative

A

How it ought to be; morally justified

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3
Q

Concept

A

Abstract ideas we use to think about the processes we study (freedom, democracy, justice, war)

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4
Q

Good concepts are:

A

Clear, coherent, consistent, useful

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5
Q

Sartoris ladder

A

Order concepts on basis of specificity

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6
Q

Operationalization

A

Making basic concepts measurable; using indicators

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7
Q

Challenges to indicators

A

Validity and reliability

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8
Q

Validity

A

Extent a measurement captures what we research

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9
Q

Reliability

A

Extent a measurement produces consistent results

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10
Q

Theory

A

Explanation for empirical claim

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11
Q

Hypothesis

A

Specific and empirically testable prediction derived from a theory; comes from deductive reasoning

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12
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Facts supporting an argument, info has implications for hypothesis, improve and scope conditions of theories

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13
Q

Qualitative evidence

A

Narrative form

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14
Q

Quantitative evidence

A

Mathematical

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15
Q

Correlation

A

Measures association between 2 variables related

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16
Q

Causation

A

One variable causes another

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17
Q

Problems with causation: omitted variable

A

Z–>X & Y

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18
Q

Problems with causation: reverse causation

A

X<–Y

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19
Q

Problems with causation: Endogeneity problem

A

X–>Y

Y–>X

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20
Q

Problems with causation: intervening variable

A

X–>Z–>Y

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21
Q

Problems with causation: Spurious correlation

A

X–>?<–Y

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22
Q

Empirical critique

A

Deviant cases, evidence that does not support a theory

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23
Q

Theoretical critique

A

Logical limitations

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24
Q

Comparative method

A

Examines cases, look at how variables interact, focus on casual relations

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25
Q

Most similar system

A

Compare similar cases with distinct outcomes

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26
Q

Most different systems

A

Compare differing cases with similar outcomes

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27
Q

Comparative checking

A

Testing conclusions from set of comparisons

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28
Q

The modern state

A

Most important form of political organization, central political institution that exerts monopoly on legitimate force; is expected to perform certain functions and provide goods

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29
Q

The nation state

A

State embodies one nation (belief/identity)

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30
Q

Sovereignty

A

Ultimate authority within a demarcated territory

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31
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Organization with individuals operating under established rules and procedures

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32
Q

Impersonality

A

State identifies with institutions not leaders

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33
Q

Functions of modern state

A

Defense, police, tax, economic management, social welfare (health, education, pension), infrastructure

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34
Q

Regime

A

Fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodies basic principles of political life in a society, particularly where power should reside and how it should be used

35
Q

Government

A

Administrative apparatus or leadership in charge

36
Q

Patrick O’Neil quote

A 
State= machinery of politics
Regime= programming
Government= operator
37
Q

State capacity

A

States ability to govern and perform it’s functions

38
Q

Strong state

A

High legitimacy and capacity

39
Q

Failed state

A

Cannot perform functions

40
Q

4 theories of why modern states emerge

A

Bellicist theory, economic theory, cultural theory, diffusion theory

41
Q

Bellicist theory of modern state

A

War made the state

42
Q

Economic theory of modern state

A

Underlying economic interests (Marxist: state is tool for ruling class)

43
Q

Cultural theory of modern state

A

Protestantism–> state institutions OR emergence of nationalism

44
Q

Diffusion theory of modern state

A

States dominate because military advantage OR elites use state to dominate world OR states are cultivated norm

45
Q

Development

A

A process by which a society advances, often measured by economic growth, or quality of life, etc

46
Q

Most common development indicator/faults

A

GDP; not reliable or valid

47
Q

Development indicators

A

Poverty rate, inequality (gini coefficient), employment/inflation, HDI (health and development), happiness index, consumption (PPP, Big Mac index)

48
Q

Potential costs of development

A

Loss of culture/tradition, environment/sustainability

49
Q

Causes of development

A

Resources, history (colonizer), market vs state economy, institutions, culture

50
Q

Market-led development

A

“Invisible hand”; little to no state intervention; economy can correct itself more quickly

51
Q

State-led development

A

State can push investment, coordinate, provide infrastructure, guide; offers some protections

52
Q

Institution

A

A regularized patterned activity that shapes the behavior of individuals and groups; formal v informal (norms and values)
Ex: property rights protection

53
Q

Culture and development variables

A

Level of trust, social capital (civil society), religion, norms/ethics/values

54
Q

Structural/systematic factors in development

A

Marxist world system: favors rich countries, harms poor

Geography: favors rich countries, sets back poor

55
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Ideology of government that favors closed, concentrated and hierarchical process of decision making

56
Q

Personalistic dictatorship

A

Centers on personality of dictator

57
Q

Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism

A

State controlled by group of elites

58
Q

Totalitarian regime

A

Aims to control everything about the lives of the population

59
Q

Theocracy

A

Controlled by religious leaders

60
Q

Causes of nondemocratic regimes

A

Historical institutionalism; poverty/inequality; state weakness & failure; political culture, rational choice

61
Q

Historical institutionalism cause of authoritarianism

A

Coalitions create enduring institutions

62
Q

Poverty/inequality cause of authoritarianism

A

If hungry, not concerned about politics OR need money in hands of one capitalist to invest OR inequality leads to distrust

63
Q

State weakness & failure cause of authoritarianism

A

Weak institutions more likely to be authoritarian; less resistant to exploitation; there may be an intervening variable

64
Q

Political culture cause of authoritarianism

A

Cultural traditions more suited (Asian values)

65
Q

Why do authoritarian regimes persist?

A

Rational calculations and personal incentives–> free rider problem; need to overcome barriers (individual incentive, organization)

66
Q

Democracy

A

A form of regime associated with “rule by the people” with rights and liberties for citizens (political and civil)

67
Q

Procedural democracy

A

Basic rules, minimal; free, fair and open competitive elections for officials with power

68
Q

Substantative democracy

A

Emphasis on achieving end goals/participation

69
Q

Democratization

A

Regime change to become more democratic

70
Q

Direct democracy

A

Direct citizen involvement in politics (plebiscites, referenda)

71
Q

Representative democracy

A

Politician/institutions represent the electorate; behavior constrained by elections, participation

72
Q

Five perspectives explaining democracy

A

Modernization, cultural explanations, international system, domestic institutions, prominent leaders

73
Q

Types of questions asked in comparative politics

A

Cause-effect, why, open-ended

74
Q

Variables

A

Indicators we use to measure concepts

75
Q

Welfare state

A

States functions in social welfare and public goods

76
Q

State characteristics

A

Sovereignty, bureaucracy, impersonality

77
Q

Explaining development: the role of institutions

A

Strong and proper institutions necessary for economic development and investment

78
Q

Democratic transition

A

Movement from authoritarian to democratic

79
Q

Democratic consolidation

A

A New Democratic order becomes Institutionalized and more likely to endure

80
Q

Explaining democracy: modermization

A

Democracy accompanies economic development; emergent middle class plays a role, modernization may prevent democratic breakdown

81
Q

Explaining democracy: cultural explanations

A

Different regions have distinct cultures regarding power, authority, and rights

82
Q

Explaining democracy: international system

A

Major powers in the world affect smaller countries chances for democracy

83
Q

Explaining democracy: domestic institutions

A

Federalism, electoral rules

84
Q

Explaining democracy: prominent leaders

A

May act as a trigger (Gandhi, Gorbachev, George Washington)

Comparative Politics (5 decks)

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