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Comparative Politics > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Electoral authoritarian

A

Elections are held nominally

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1
Q

Hybrid regime

A

Neither fully authoritarian nor fully democratic

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2
Q

Competitive authoritarian

A

Tolerates some political competition

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3
Q

Delegative democracy

A

Democracy but electorate delegates much authority to the government

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4
Q

Illiberal democracy

A

Democracy but lacks some political/civil rights

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5
Q

Why hybrid regimes?

A

Authoritarian transition lead to incomplete democratization, democratic breakdown, can be enduring

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6
Q

Problem of illiberal democracies

A

Wrapped in legitimacy, gives democracy a bad name

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7
Q

Modern communism

A

Seeks to create human equality by eliminating private property and market–> no exploitation/repression

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8
Q

Marx’s evolution of society

A

Primitive (ideal because everyone shares but so little to share) –> slavery –> feudalism –> capitalism (raises surplus level) –> communism

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9
Q

Socialism

A

Embrace liberal democratic political systems, economic equality through state action

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10
Q

Earliest rise of communism

A

1871 commune of Paris

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11
Q

Remaining communist regimes

A

Cuba, China, Laos, North Korea, Vietnam

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12
Q

Pink state

A

Socialist democratic regime in N/W europe

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13
Q

Marx theory of communism

A

Working class revolt; advance productivity, class struggle, relations of production

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14
Q

Lenin theory of communism

A

Vanguard party in Russia so ignite in feudal stage

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15
Q

Mao theory of communism

A

Strategize (alliance with workers and peasants, nationalism)

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16
Q

International theory of communism

A

Comminterm, WWII

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17
Q

Why the decline in communism?

A

Revolution via voting, social welfare, american dream, communist regimes became totalitarian, failure of planned economy, Gorbachev, Cold War propaganda

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18
Q

Constitution

A

Fundamental and supreme laws that establish the basis of a political system and the basis for other laws; symbolize social contracts, basic founding laws of societies

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19
Q

Constitutionalism

A

Limitation of government through a constitution

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20
Q

Constitutional design

A

Features of constitutions that form the basis of the political system (ex: separation of powers, federalism)

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21
Q

Types of constitutions

A

Flexible v rigid; authoritarian vs democratic

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22
Q

Judicial review

A

Power/process of constitutional courts to determine legality of laws

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23
Q

Is judicial review anti-democratic?

A

Not elected judges but they can protect minorities

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24
Q

Parliamentary sovereignty

A

Constitutionality of laws passed by legislature and executive are not subject to judicial review

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25
Q

Federalism

A

Separation of power and authority among different levels of government

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26
Q

Benefits of federalism

A

Strategy for security, promote democratic inclusion, benefits of economic unity

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27
Q

How many countries are federal?

A

20/200

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28
Q

Unitarian

A

Unitary central gov; can have multiple levels of delegation but all power grows out of central body

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29
Q

Where is Unitarism prevalent?

A

Small size countries, homogenous, colonial heritage

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30
Q

Riker theory of why federalism

A

Bargain among regional actors (US)

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31
Q

Stepan theory of why federalism

A

Instrument to unite separate groups (Canada)

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32
Q

Social stability and federalism

A

May support because different groups get power, safety valve, more autonomy
May compromise because empower secessionists, independent identities

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33
Q

Federalism and democratic rights

A

Allows variety of laws with local preferences but does not allow equal protection across the country

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34
Q

Economic performance and federalism

A

“Heathy” competition because companies can “vote with their feet” leads to more efficiently but race to the bottom and if states have power they may spend irresponsibly

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35
Q

Legislature

A

Assembly or body of representatives with authority to make laws

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36
Q

Functions of legislatures

A

Representation via debate, hearings; vote on legislation, control spending, remove executive, “socialize” politicians, constituent service/get reflected

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37
Q

Types of legislatures

A

Unicameral- China, NK

Bicameral- Japan, UK, US

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38
Q

District system

A

Voters select representatives from specific geographic constituents

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39
Q

Single member district

A

Single representative wins election

40
Q

First past the post

A

Candidate with the most votes wins

41
Q

Runoff

A

Top candidates after 1st round go to additional rounds until majority

42
Q

Multi member district

A

Districts have more than one representative

43
Q

Proportional representation

A

Voters choose a preferred party and parties win seats according to percentage of the vote the party wins

44
Q

Closed list PR

A

Party leaders determine politicians elected

45
Q

Open list PR

A

Citizens vote for individual candidates and votes for all candidates aggregated by party

46
Q

Alternative vote

A

Voter ranks candidate and voters of lower ranking candidates are reallocated

47
Q

Single transferrable vote

A

Reallocate surplus votes according to 2nd choices

48
Q

Indirect voting

A

Representatives chosen by other elected officials

49
Q

Representation

A

Public officials acting on behalf of the citizenry

50
Q

Mandate approach to representation

A

Follow public opinion

51
Q

Independence approach to representation

A

Exercise discretion

52
Q

SMD and representation

A

Voter on losing side may not feel represented, gerrymandering, malapportionment

53
Q

Apportionment

A

Process by which legislative seats are distributed

54
Q

Malapportionment

A

Apportionment in which voters are unequally represented

55
Q

PR and representation

A

Emphasize platforms and interests but no geographic representation

56
Q

What shapes representation?

A

Legislative decision making rules (committees), political party discipline, executive-legislative relations

57
Q

Executive

A

Executes/administers policies and laws

58
Q

Types of executive power

A

Formal, informal, partisan

59
Q

Formal power of executives

A

Function of constitutional/legal position (decrees, exec order, veto, dissolve leg)

60
Q

Informal power of executive

A

Based on custom, convention, influence

61
Q

Partisan power of executive

A

By virtue of leverage or power over members of party

62
Q

Parlaimentary

A

Head of gov is elected by and accountable to legislature

63
Q

Presidentialism

A

President is chief executive; independent of legislatures and head of government/head of state

64
Q

Semi-presidential

A

President is directly elected and PM is president appointed

65
Q

Minimum winning coalition

A

No extra/surplus parties- if you remove one it dissolves

66
Q

Minimum connected winning coalition

A

Minimum winning and connected on spectrum

67
Q

Minimum size

A

Lowest number of seats possible

68
Q

Minimum number of parties

A

Lowest number of parties

69
Q

Median party

A

Includes median party

70
Q

Minimum range

A

Minimize range on spectrum

71
Q

Clientilism

A

System of political favors for support (acts of patronage)

72
Q

Why is parliamentarism better for democracy?

A

Clear legitimacy, flexible terms of office, power sharing, PM style, insider executives

73
Q

Critique of why parliamentarism is better for democracy

A

Empirical: parliamentary countries are often wealthier; theoretical: parliamentary depends on institutions, can still be winner take all

74
Q

Styles of presidential rule

A

Delegative democracy with power to president; populism with direct appeal to people and political ties with masses

75
Q

Patterns of parliamentary rule

A

Can be unstable, consociational model: systems that coordinate power sharing among different groups

76
Q

Political party

A

Political organization that seeks to influence policy by getting candidates and members elected or appointed to public office

77
Q

Party systems

A

Patterns of party politics characterized by the number of relevant parties in a country

78
Q

Interest groups

A

Organizations that make demands in he political system on behalf of their constituents and members

79
Q

Interest articulation

A

Process by which political actors express their demands, needs, or wants in a political system

80
Q

Interest aggregation

A

Process by which individuals’ preferences are brought together to make collective decisions

81
Q

Types of political parties

A

Elite, mass, catch all

82
Q

Elite party

A

Membership and scope restricted to a small number of elites

83
Q

Mass political party

A

Large number of citizens as members and that undertake massive political mobilization

84
Q

Catch all party

A

Flexible on ideological positions and aim to attract support from a broad range of interest groups and voters

85
Q

Types of party systems

A

Dominant, two party, multi party

86
Q

Dominant party system

A

One large party dominates

87
Q

Single party system

A

Other parties banned

88
Q

Two party system

A

Two significant parties with a duopoly

89
Q

Multiparty system

A

More than two major parties (fragmented if many small parties, concentrated if few large parties)

90
Q

Effective number of parties

A

Measure to capture number of meaningful parties

91
Q

Party system institutionalization

A

Degree to which a party system is stable-persistence of parties, stability of ideologies, degree to which parties are distinct from individuals

92
Q

Pluralism

A

Interest groups compete openly

93
Q

Corporatism

A

Certain major groups represent interests

94
Q

What shapes the party system?

A

Electoral rules; geography, history, economy; ideology and ideas

95
Q

Duverger’s law

A

District system –> 2 party because strategic voting; PR –> multiparty

96
Q

Outcomes of party systems

A

2 party –> centrism because appeals to median voter (unless polarized voters)

97
Q

Interest groups and representation

A

Pluralism is good because equal opportunity but bad because collective action & important groups may be excluded
Corporatism is good because ensures representation and facilitates consensus building but bad because authoritarianism, cronyism, impedes reform

98
Q

How to calculate effective number of parties

A

Take proportion of seats held by each party, square each one, add them up, take the inverse
If a+b+c+d=1
1/a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2

Comparative Politics (5 decks)

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