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Comparative Politics > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Type of questions asked in comparative politics

A

Cause-effect; why

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2
Q

Empirical

A

Ask and explain why the world is the way it is

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3
Q

Normative

A

How the world ought to be

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4
Q

Concepts

A

Abstract ideas we use to think about the phenomena, facts and processes we study

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5
Q

Good concepts are

A

Clear, coherent, consistent, useful

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6
Q

Conceptualization

A

Process of creating and selecting social science concepts we want to use

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7
Q

Operationalization

A

Process of making basic concepts measurable

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8
Q

Challenges of measurement

A

Validity- extent that a measure captures what we are researching
Reliability- extent that a measure produces consistent results

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9
Q

Theory

A

Explanation for political phenomena

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10
Q

Hypothesis

A

Specific and empirically testable prediction that is often derived from a theory

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11
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Facts supporting an argument

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12
Q

Correlation

A

Relationship between two variables in which they tend to move in a predictable relationship to one another

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13
Q

Causation

A

Relationship between two variables in which change in one variable causes change in another

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14
Q

Comparative politics

A

Su field of political science that explains political phenomena using the comparative method

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15
Q

Omitted variable

A

Z–>X & Z–>Y

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16
Q

Reverse causation

A

X

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17
Q

Endogeneity

A

XY

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18
Q

Intervening variable

A

X–>Z–>Y

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19
Q

Spurious correlation

A

X?Y

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20
Q

Empirical critique

A

Identifying evidence that does not support a given theory–deviant cases

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21
Q

Theoretical critique

A

Showing logical limitations

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22
Q

The comparative method

A

Examine cases, look at how variables interact, focus on causal relations

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23
Q

Most similar system design

A

Similar case, different outcomes

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24
Q

Most different system design

A

Different cases, same outcome

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25
Q

Comparative checking

A

Testing conclusions from a set of comparisons against additional cases or evidence

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26
Q

Within case comparison

A

Comparing variation over time or in distinct parts of a single case

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27
Q

Limits of the comparative method

A

Relationship between variables are probability and likelihood, not laws; can’t have controlled experiments; sometimes only correlation not causation

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28
Q

The modern state

A

Central political institution with a monopoly on the legitimate use of force, expected to perform certain functions

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29
Q

Nation state

A

Represent and embody one nation

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30
Q

Nation

A

A large and geographically bound population with a common history, culture, identity, political aspirations

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31
Q

Characteristics of modern state

A

Sovereignty, bureaucracy, impersonality

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32
Q

Sovereignty

A

Ultimate authority within specifically demarcated territories

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33
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Organization with individuals operating under established, specific, and complex rules and procedures

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34
Q

Impersonality

A

States identified with institutions rather than their leaders

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35
Q

What do modern states typically do?

A

Defense, policing, taxation, manage economy, provide social welfare, provide infrastructure/other public goods

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36
Q

Regime

A

Fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodies basic principles of political life in a society

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37
Q

Government

A

Administrative apparatus of the state

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38
Q

O’Neil quote

A

If state is machinery, regime is programming, gov is operator

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39
Q

State capacity

A

States capacity to govern and perform its functions

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40
Q

Why do modern states emerge?

A

Bellicist theory: war made the state (centralized authority, tax, mobilize)
Economic theory: economic interest for ruling class
Cultural theory: Protestantism reshape attitudes toward institutions/emergence of nationalism
Diffusion theory: states w/military dominate; needs of economic interests pushed for state creation everywhere; state organization became cultural reality

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41
Q

Indicators measuring development

A

GDP, poverty rate, inequality, employment/inflation, HDI, happiness index, consumption

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42
Q

Potential costs of development

A

Loss of culture and tradition; environment/sustainability

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43
Q

Theories explaining development

A

Market v state (market is invisible hand v state intervention will push investment, coordinate, infrastructure)
Institutions: need to be strong & proper
Culture: high levels of trust/social capital; religious world views shaped incentives
Structural/systematic: world system favors rich countries; geography favors rich countries

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44
Q

Neoliberalism

A

Liberal democracy and market led development

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45
Q

Import substitution

A

State helps industries produce for domestic market by substituting these goods with previously imported

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46
Q

Historical institutionalism

A

Emphasis on the power of institutions to shape individual behavior and how this operates over time

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47
Q

New institutionalism

A

Emphasis on the power of institutions to shape individual behavior and the recent turn to this

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48
Q

Rational institutionalism

A

Emphasis on the power of institutions to shape individual behavior and implications for individuals strategic choices

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49
Q

Sociological institutions

A

How institutions create meaning

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50
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Favors closed, concentrated and hierarchies process of decision making

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51
Q

Personalistic dictatorship/sultan ian

A

Form of authoritarianism that centers on the personality of the dictator

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52
Q

Bureaucratic authoritarian regimes

A

State is controlled by a group of elites

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53
Q

Totalitarian regimes

A

Aims to control everything about the lives of its subject population

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54
Q

Theocracy

A

Controlled by religious leaders

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55
Q

Why do authoritarian regimes exist?

A

Historical institutionalism: coalitions have enduring effects
Poverty/inequality: more poverty effects because populace more concerned about economy, distrust
State weakness: weak institutions; may be predatory state or intervening variable
Political culture: cultural values more suited
Rational calculations/personal incentive
Barriers to collective action

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56
Q

Democracy

A

A form of regime associated with rule by the people with rights and liberties for citizens

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57
Q

Political v civil rights

A

Political: can participate in elections
Civil: freedom of speech, etc

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58
Q

Procedural democracy

A

Basic rules, procedures required

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59
Q

Substantive democracy

A

Emphasis on end goals

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60
Q

Democratization

A

Regime change becoming more democratic

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61
Q

Direct democracy

A

Direct citizen involvement

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62
Q

Representative democracy

A

Politicians represent the electorate

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63
Q

Why is there democracy?

A

Emergent middle class (urbanization, education, industrialization)
Modernization prevents breakdown (economic dev)
Norms and attitudes
Global powers (Cold War)
Institutions (federalism may mitigate conflict, electoral rules)
Prominent leaders as triggers (gandhi, Mandela)

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64
Q

Hybrid regimes

A

Regimes not in pure ideal forms

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65
Q

Electoral authoritarianism

A

Authoritarian regime but nominal elections are held

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66
Q

Competitive authoritarianism

A

Authoritarian regime that tolerates some political competition

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67
Q

Delegative democracy

A

democracy but electorate delegates much authority to the government

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68
Q

Illiberal democracy

A

Democracy but not all rights are protected

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69
Q

Why hybrid regimes?

A 
Incomplete democratization (Russia)
Authoritarian regime improves (China)
Democratic breakdown (Venezuela)
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70
Q

Primitive communism

A

Egalitarian, common property

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71
Q

Modern communism

A

Create equality by eliminating private prett and market; no exploitation/repression

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72
Q

Marx evolution of human society

A

Primitive–>slavery–>feudalism–>capitalism–>communism

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73
Q

Why transition from capitalism–>communism?

A

Increased productivity, exploitative social relations; surplus

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74
Q

Socialism

A

Economic equality through state action

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75
Q

First communist regime

A

Commune of Paris

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76
Q

Communist regimes

A

Russia, China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba

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77
Q

Pink states

A

Socialist democratic regimes in western and Northern European countries

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78
Q

Why did communism rise?

A 
Marx: advance productivity-->class struggle-->working class
Lenin: role of vanguard party (communist party)
Mao: importance of strategy in revolutions; nationalism
Intl: comminterm/ussr; WW2
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79
Q

Why did communism decline?

A

Adaptation of capitalism
Decay of communist regime (became totalitarian for privileged class, failure of planned economies)
Role of leadership (Gorbachev)
Intl: failed competition with lib democracies

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80
Q

Constitutions

A

Fundamental and supreme laws; est the basis of a political system and basis for other laws

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81
Q

Constitutionalism

A

Limitations of gov through a constitution

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82
Q

Constitutional design

A

Features of constitutions that form the basis of the political system

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83
Q

Types of constitutions

A

Authoritarian v democratic; flexible v rigid; federalism v unitary

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84
Q

Judicial review

A

Power of constitutional courts to determine the legality of laws

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85
Q

Is judicial review anti democratic?

A

Judges can defend basic rights (brown v board)

But judges not democratically elected

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86
Q

Federalism

A

Separation of powers among levels of gov

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87
Q

Unitarism

A

Unitary central gov

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88
Q

Why federalism?

A

Riker: bargain among regional actors (us)
Stepan: hold different groups together (Canada)

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89
Q

Federalism & social stability

A

Can support: give different groups some stake, serve as a safety valve
Can compromise: empower separatists

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90
Q

Federalism and democratic rights

A

Can allow different regions to have different laws

But different areas may end up with more/less rights

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91
Q

Federalism and economy

A

Can promote healthy competition

But can hurt economic stability (race to the bottom, overspending)

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92
Q

Legislature

A

Assembly with authority to make laws

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93
Q

Functions of legislatures

A

Representation, vote/debate legislation, control spending, oversee executive, socialize politicians

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94
Q

Types of legislatures

A

Unicameral- 1 chamber; bicameral- 2 chambers

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95
Q

District system

A

Voters select representatives from specific geographic constituencies

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96
Q

SMD

A

1 rep wins

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97
Q

FPP

A

Most votes wins

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98
Q

Runoff

A

Top candidates continue until majority

99
Q

PR

A

Voters choose preferred party and parties win seats from % of vote

100
Q

Closed list PR

A

Party leaders determine elected

101
Q

Open list PR

A

Citizens vote for candidates too

102
Q

Mixed/Hybrid systems

A

Combine district and PR

103
Q

Alternative vote

A

Reallocate votes of low ranking candidates

104
Q

Single transferable vote

A

Reallocate surplus votes

105
Q

What shapes representation?

A

Mandate v independence
District system v PR
Legislative decision making (major rules to committee, party discipline)
Executive-leg relations (formal and partisan powers)

106
Q

District system vs PR

A

District: voters on losing side not represented, gerrymandering, malapportionment
PR: no geographic rep

107
Q

Executive

A

Branch of gov that executes/administers policies/laws

108
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Organization of unelected officials that implements, executed, and enforced laws/policies

109
Q

Head of state

A

Symbolic executive

110
Q

Head of gov

A

Forms gov, formulated and implements policies

111
Q

Prime minister

A

Chief exec in parliamentary system

112
Q

President

A

Head of state and head of gov; not directly responsible to leg

113
Q

Monarch

A

Head of state in a monarchy

114
Q

Formal executive powers

A

Function of constitution or legal position (veto, dissolve leg, decree/exec order, state of emergency)

115
Q

Exec partisan power

A

Virtue of officials leverage over members of political party (nominations)

116
Q

Exec Informal power

A

Based on customs, conventions, etc (patronage)

117
Q

Minimum winning coalition

A

No extra parties

118
Q

Minimum connected winning

A

Minimum winning and connected on policy spectrum

119
Q

Minimum size

A

Close to min seats as possible

120
Q

Minimum number of parties

A

Fewest number of parties to form a majority

121
Q

Median party

A

Includes the median party

122
Q

Min range

A

Min spaces on policy spectrum

123
Q

Presidentialism v. Parliamentarism

A

Parliamentarism better for democracy because: clear legitimacy, flexible terms of officer, power-sharing, prime minister style, insider executives

124
Q

Empirical critique for parliamentarism>presidentalism

A

Parliamentary countries are generally wealthier, European

125
Q

Theoretical critique for parliamentarism>presidentalism

A

Parliamentary depends on other institution, can be winner take all

126
Q

Styles of presidentialism

A

Populism, delegative democracy

127
Q

Patterns of parliamentary rule

A

Unstable, consociational

128
Q

Political parties

A

Political organizations that seek to influence policy by getting candidates elected

129
Q

Party systems

A

Patterns of party politics characterized by number of relevant parties

130
Q

Interest groups

A

Organizations that make demands in the political system on behalf of constituents and members

131
Q

Types of political parties:

A

Elite: membership and scope restricted to political elites
Mass: large number of citizens; massive mobilization
Catch all: flexible on ideology positions for broad support

132
Q

Dominant party system

A

One large party dominates

133
Q

Single party system

A

Other parties banned/disallowed

134
Q

Two party system

A

Two parties have duopoly

135
Q

Multiparty system

A

More than two major parties; fragmented if many small parties or concentrated if few large parties

136
Q

Pluralism

A

Interest groups compete openly

137
Q

Corporatism

A

Certain groups designated to represent interests

138
Q

What shapes party system?

A

Electoral rules (duverger’s law)
Geography, history, economy
Ideology (ie, communism)

139
Q

Outcome of two party system

A

Centrism because medium voter theorem and strategic voting

140
Q

Interest groups and representation

A

Pluralism: advantages: marketplace of ideas, equal opportunity; disadvantages: collective action problems, important groups excluded
Corporatism: advantages: ensures representation, consensus/strategy building
Disadvantages: cronyism/elitism, impede reform (depend if state is controlling system)

141
Q

Civil society

A

Organizations outside the state where citizens advance their interests, building social capital

142
Q

Social capital

A

Features of social organizations like networks, norms, social trust; facilitate coordination and cooperation

143
Q

Civil society in pluralist v corporatist

A

Pluralist: less state involvement, nonhierarchical characteristics, multiple groups competing;
Corporatism: more state involvement, hierarchical characteristics, fewer groups with limited competition

144
Q

Civil society and democratic transition

A

Conditions for civil society are conducive to democratization; civil liberties/accountability/competition; organization and mobilization for transition

145
Q

Civil society and democratic consolidation

A

Weak civil society will hinder

146
Q

Civil society and qualities of democracy

A

Stimulates participation, alternate channels to representation, dev democratic attitudes, promotes socioeconomic development

147
Q

Contention

A

Pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions

148
Q

Revolutions

A

Efforts to dramatically transform society and its political/social structures

149
Q

Social revolutions

A

Changes social and political structures (french, Russian, chinese)

150
Q

Political revolutions

A

Primarily alter political institutions

151
Q

Social movements

A

Ongoing, organizers and sustained collective action oriented toward goal of social change

152
Q

Social networks

A

Structures of social ties and connections among individuals

153
Q

Social movement organization

A

Organizations created to help maintain and lead social movement activity over time

154
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

Organizational leadership necessarily creates its own interests

155
Q

Insurgencies

A

Contention with formalized military conflict

156
Q

Civil war

A

Sustained military conflict between domestic actors

157
Q

Terrorism

A

Violence toward non military targets

158
Q

Everyday resistance

A

Efforts to resist or obstruction authority that are not clearly organized over time

159
Q

Rightful resistance

A

Making rightful claims in authoritarian regimes

160
Q

Theories explaining contention

A

Relative deprivation and social disequilibrium: major changes leads to social strains, increases demands for revolution
Resource mobilization and political opportunities: state breakdown creates opportunity, organizational resources matter
Rational choice theory: rationality depends on upping individual benefits and lowering risk
Cultural explanation: ability to frame in meaningful way shapes success

161
Q

Identity

A

Social label that locates an individual or group in society

162
Q

National identity

A

An identity that locates ones social position in relation to national membership

163
Q

Nationalism

A

view that the world is and should be divided into sovereign and egalitarian nations

164
Q

Primordialism

A

National identity continuous with prehistorical forms of identity

165
Q

Perrenialism

A

National identity is neither exclusively modern nor prehistoric

166
Q

Modernism

A

Nationalism emerged in 17th and 18fh c europe

167
Q

Civic nationalism

A

Western; depends on state citizenship

168
Q

Ethnic nationalism

A

Eastern; based on ancestry

169
Q

Individualistic nationalism

A

Nations are associations of individuals, always civic not ethnic

170
Q

Collectivistic nationalism

A

Nations have collective agency, can be civic or ethnic

171
Q

Race

A

Idea that human beings are divided into different groups; biological categories based on skin color

172
Q

Ethnicity

A

Quality that one has by identifying with or being member of an ethnic group

173
Q

Ethnic group

A

Group that identifies itself as having strong cultural commonality and history

174
Q

Gender

A

Culturally constructed roles one has by being male or female

175
Q

Emergence of nationalism

A

Primordial bonds: evolution encourages collective identities
Structural forces: structures (ie, capitalism)–> nationalism
Political institutions: states create nations
Cultural construction: elites facing status inconsistency use nations

176
Q

Structuralism

A

See social structures as explanatory variables

177
Q

Functionalism

A

Explaining something by its consequences

178
Q

Explaining ethno-national conflicts

A

Primordial bounds: if group identity is under threat
(Critique: why is conflict not constant then?)
Cultural boundaries: types of boundaries
Material interests: identity used for resources
Rational calc: rational choice of actors

179
Q

Instrumentalism

A

Explains outcomes by showing how it’s in elite interest

180
Q

Theories of women/minority rep

A

Social movement mobilization: social movements bring social change and change public attitudes
Political parties based on ethnicity (demographics, social factors, electoral system, history)
Institutional (reserve seat, candidate quota)

181
Q

Political culture

A

Set of beliefs that people hold about politics

182
Q

Modernity

A

Society with economic dev, strong modern state and set of sociocultural norms

183
Q

Modernization

A

Process through which a state becomes more modern

184
Q

Ideology

A

Highly organized system of ideas about politics

185
Q

Liberalism

A

Emphasize individual freedom, representative democracy, and market economy

186
Q

Social democracy

A

Liberalism with state action

187
Q

Liberatariansm

A

Liberalism with minimal government

188
Q

Racism

A

Authoritarian ideology favoring militarism and right wing nationalism

189
Q

Socialism

A

Economic equality pursued by state action

190
Q

What religion does:

A

Foster social integration, sense of order, motivate collective action, feature transcendent force

191
Q

Secularization

A

Process through which societies become less religious, often as they modernize

192
Q

Religious states

A

Religion is a key part of politics (Saudi Arabia)

193
Q

Lay states

A

Est a formal separation of religion and public (France)

194
Q

Denominationalism

A

System that supports religious pluralism and voluntary participation

195
Q

Modernization and religions theories

A

Modernization theory: less existential insecurity (critique: US)
Religious economics: demand for religion constant, depends on market
Institutional theories: more complex society has more varied institutions

196
Q

Public policy making

A

Pivotal stage of political process that converts social interests and demands into public policies

197
Q

Decision rules in policy making

A

Rules that determine what political resources are valuable in influencing decisions and how to use these resources, constitutions est fundamental rules

198
Q

Actors in policy making

A

Branches of government, IG, public, civil society, state agencies

199
Q

Veto players

A

Can block adoption of a policy

200
Q

Policy stability will increase with:

A

Number of veto players (bicam v unicam, power of pres, coalition v 1 party), lack of congruence of veto players (party positions, two party v multi, composition of chamber), internal cohesion of veto player (size, electoral system)

201
Q

Political participation

A

Activity with intent of influencing political process; conventional: voting, running for office, joining groups; unconventional: boycott, sit in

202
Q

What affects voter turnout?

A

Institutions (compulsory voting, electoral system-PR increases, unicameral will increase, Voting age, voting rules)
Socioeconomic: developed country, smaller
Party system: more parties–> less inclined
Closeness of election

203
Q

Political participation in China

A

Mao: compulsory via mass mobilization (cultural rev)
Reform: optional with est channels (letters, elections, or not est. Protests and resistance

204
Q

Welfare states

A

Provide safety net for vulnerable with social insurance, health care, poverty relief

205
Q

1st social welfare state

A

Bismarck

206
Q

3 types of welfare state

A

Liberal, corporatist, social democratic

207
Q

Liberal welfare state

A

Private welfare, means tested benefits, low wealth redistribution, high inequality, labor commodification; US

208
Q

Corporatist/continental welfare state

A

State aids to preserve status hierarchy; medium inequality, medium decommodification of labor; Germany

209
Q

Social democratic welfare state

A

Extensive, low inequalities, high security, high labor decommodification; Sweden

210
Q

Explaining emergence of welfare states

A

Cultural: people turn to state instead of religion/family; notion of citizenship expanded
Industrial capitalism: reaction to economic changes, save capitalism, impose socialism, guard social relations
Mobilization and political action: specific actors

211
Q

Poverty reduction in China

A

Development and relief; building infrastructure, loans, jobs, allowances

212
Q

Education in China

A

Pre-reform: state sponsored
Reform: 9 year compulsory, marketization
Recent: abolition of rural tuition

213
Q

Employment in China

A

Pre-reform: guaranteed

Reform: labor market but unemployment insurance

214
Q

Pension in China

A

Pre-reform: working units/collectives
Reform: state takeover of urban units
2000: small rural pension

215
Q

Health care in China

A

Pre-reform: cheap but effective, bare feet doctors in rural

Reform: marketization

216
Q

Housing in China

A

Pre-reform: working units/collectives

Reform: marketization

217
Q

Characteristics of social welfare in China

A

Huge rural-urban divide
Increases coverage but low level provisions
State replacing SOE and rural collectives in reform era
Shift to market oriented welfare provision
Emphasize human development

218
Q

International relations

A

The study of relations between countries and between actors in the international system

219
Q

Foreign policy

A

Set of policies toward foreign nations made by a national government

220
Q

International security

A

Study of issues of war and peace between nations and global security and conflict

221
Q

International political economy

A

Study of how the economic relations between countries affect politics and how political relations affect economies

222
Q

Globalization

A

Process of increasing economic and/or cultural interactions across national borders

223
Q

Regional integration

A

Process by which countries in a region agree to collaborate economically or politically to make decisions collectively and to shape common strategies

224
Q

International trade

A

The economic exchange of goods, services, and capital across international borders

225
Q

Benefits of free trade

A

Comparative advantage, efficiency

226
Q

Benefit of protectionism

A

Give favor to domestic producers

227
Q

Immigration

A

Movement of people to foreign countries

228
Q

Assimilation

A

Being integrated into another culture

229
Q

Nativism

A

Political attitude that seeks to protect the interests of established groups against the interests of more recent immigrants

230
Q

Economic consequences of immigration

A

Brain drain in underdeveloped countries

Remittances sent home

231
Q

Intergovernmental organizations

A

International organizations that push for cooperation between countries and prevention/mitigation of conflict

232
Q

Transnational non governmental networks

A

Networks of different actors working across borders; terrorist groups, environmental protection groups, multinational corporations

233
Q

Nuclear proliferation

A

The expansion of the number of countries with nuclear technology

234
Q

Realism (intl relations)

A

Theory that the international system acts on the basis of self interest as if individuals making rational calculations; states will find common cause to counter balance other powers; game theory

235
Q

Game theory

A

Set of approaches to study strategic interaction and relies on mathematical modeling and assumptions of rationality

236
Q

Liberalism (intl relations)

A

Theory: internal structures make different preferences and behaviors; cooperation can occur more than realism because: economic interests, liberal institutions (democratic peace)

237
Q

Constructivism (intl relations)

A

Theory: decisions made by states need to be understood in context of social and political institutions; behavior is shaped by norms/values, countries with basis for trust will cooperate

238
Q

Marxism (intl relations)

A

Social classes play predominant role

239
Q

EU

A

Supranational governance, constitutional nature

240
Q

East Asia historically

A

shares traditions and similar values but also conflicts and confrontations

241
Q

East Asia current dynamics

A

Driven by economic cooperation and integration; influenced by power politics within and beyond (Sino/Japan competition, US)
Regional crisis: catalyst for cooperation

242
Q

ASEAN free trade agreement

A

Singapore, Phillipenes, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia; eliminate tariffs/non tariff barriers and attract investment

243
Q

ASEAN economic community

A

Similar to EU; single market/production base, economically competitive, equitable economic development, fully integrate with global economy

244
Q

ASEAN & others

A

Signed 3 separate FTA with China, Korea, Japan
China wants EAFTA (ASEAN + 3)
Japan wants to add India, australia, New Zealand

Comparative Politics (5 decks)

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