Quiz #3

Question 1

Causation

Answer 1

Relations between events or facts that holds when an earlier fact or event makes a later fact or event happen

Question 2

Necessary conditions

Answer 2

Condition A is necessary for condition B if A is required for B/ B cannot be present or occur without A

Ex. Being a mammal is a necessary condition for being a dog

Question 3

Sufficient conditions

Answer 3

Condition A is sufficient for condition B if A is good enough for B/ présence of A ensures the presence of B

Ex. Being a surgeon is sufficient for being a doctor

Question 4

Necessary cause

Answer 4

A is a necessary cause of B if the occurrence of A is required to bring about B

Ex. The presence of oxygen is necessary to cause a fire

Question 5

Sufficient cause

Answer 5

A is a sufficient cause for B is the occurrence of A is by itself good enough to bring about b

Ex. Striking a match in the presence of fuel and oxygen is a sufficient cause of a fire

Question 6

Necessary and sufficient cause

Answer 6

A is a necessary and sufficient cause for B if A is both required for the occurrence of B and A by itself is good enough to bring about B

Ex. Ignition in the presence of fuel and oxygen is a necessary and sufficient cause for a fire

Question 7

Method of agreement

Answer 7

Consists of a systematic effort to find a single factor that is common to multiple occurrences of a phenomenon to identify that factor as a necessary cause of the phenomenon

Question 8

Method of difference

Answer 8

Consists of a systematic effort to identify a single factor present in an occurrence in which a phenomenon is present and absent from an occurrence in which the phenomenon is absent and identify that factor as a sufficient cause of the phenomenon