Quiz #2

Question 1

Proposition

Answer 1

Sentence used to make a claim about how things are ( true or false)

EX- Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia

Question 2

Categorical Proposition

Answer 2

Proposition that relates 2 classes of things

EX- high school teachers are undervalued professionals

Question 3

Term and examples of types

Answer 3

Word or phrase that can serve as the subject of a proposition

• proper names (John marathon)
• common names (dog)
• descriptive phrases (vermin in my kitchen)

Question 4

Subject term

Answer 4

Denotes the class whose members are claimed to be included or excluded from a class of things by the categorical proposition

Question 5

Predicate term

Answer 5

Denotes the class of things that members of the subject are claimed to be excluded from or included in

EX- some dogs are not good pets
(Predicate- good pets)
(Subject-dogs)

Question 6

Standard form categorical proposition

EXAMPLES

Answer 6

An instance of one of the following forms with s and p (subject terms and predicate term)

1- All S are P
2- No S are P
3- Some S are P
4- Some S are not P

Example of 2
“No professors are stinging insects”
No S are P
S-professors
P- stinging insects

Question 7

Quantifiers

Answer 7

An expression which specifies how many members of the subject class are (claimed to be) included or excluded from the predicate class

Ex- all,no,some

Question 8

Copula

Answer 8

Expression that links the subject term to the predicate

Ex- are, are not

Question 9

Types of categorical propositions

Answer 9

Quality and quantity

Question 10

Quality proposition

Answer 10

A matter of whether a categorical proposition affirms or denies class membership

Question 11

Types of quality proposition

Answer 11

Positive and negative

Question 12

Types of quality proposition

Answer 12

Positive and negative

Question 13

Positive Proposition

Answer 13

Claim that members of the subject fall within the predicate

Ex- some donkeys are cooperative pack animals

Question 14

Negative proposition

Answer 14

Claim the subject are excluded from predicate

Ex- no stained shirts are appropriate fine dining garments

Question 15

Types of quantity propositions

Answer 15

Universal and particular

Question 16

Universal propositions

Answer 16

Make claims about every member of the subject class

Ex- NO stained shirts are fine dining garments

Question 17

Particular propositions

Answer 17

Make claims about one or more but not all members of the subject class

Ex- SOME donkeys are cooperative pack animals

Question 18

Types of propositions

Answer 18

AEIO

Question 19

A proposition

Answer 19

Universal positive proposition

Form- all s are p

Question 20

E proposition

Answer 20

Universal negative proposition
No s are p

Question 21

I proposition

Answer 21

Particular positive proposition

Some s are p

Question 22

O proposition

Answer 22

Particular negative proposition

Form- some s are not p

Question 23

How to do a vent diagram

Answer 23

Convention 1- shading a region means that region is empty

Convention 2- placing an X in a region means it contains at least one thing

Question 24

Terms

Answer 24

Some statements have adjectives, rather than noun phrases, in the predicate position, expressions which connote attributes rather than denoting classes

Ex- all professors are evil

Transform the statement into standard form by combining it with a plural noun

Ex- all professors are evil people

Question 25

Copulas

Answer 25

In some stmts the copulas “are and are not” are absent

Ex- no Nova Scotians dislike seafood chowder

Transform to standard form by inserting one of the 2 copulas after the subject term and transforming the remainder of the stmnt into a noun phrase

Ex- no Nova Scotians are people who dislike seafood chowder

Question 26

Quantifiers organizing

Answer 26

1- some statements have nonstandard such as “a few” and “not all”

Ex- “a few acdc albums are records in my collection”—> “some acdc albums are records in my collection”

2-some statements lack Quantifiers altogether

Ex- sisters are female siblings—> all sisters are female siblings

Mice live under the sink in my kitchen—> some mice are things that live under my kitchen sink

3– some statements combine quantifier all with the copula for are not

Ex-All cats are not canines—>No cats are canines

All professors are not hard graders—> some professors are not hard graders

Question 27

Singular proposition

Answer 27

Some statements contain terms that denote individual ppl, places, or things rather than classes

Transform into an expression which denotes a class whose only member is the referent of the singular term

EX-
Hilary Clinton is an American citizen—> all ppl identical to Hillary Clinton are American citizens

North Battleford is a city in Sask—> all places identical to North Battleford are cities in Sask

The common room computer is a Mac—> all things identical to the common room computer are Mac’s

Question 28

Times and places into categorical form

Answer 28

Some statements contain spatial adverbs (where,whenever,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere)

Other statements contain temporal adverbs (when,whenever,anytime,always,never)

Ex-

Basmati rice is nowhere to be found in Sobeys—> no places in Sobeys are places basmati rice can be found

Whenever it rains it pours—>All times it rains are times it pours

Question 29

Times and places into categorical form

Answer 29

Some statements contain spatial adverbs (where,whenever,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere)

Other statements contain temporal adverbs (when,whenever,anytime,always,never)

Ex-

Basmati rice is nowhere to be found in Sobeys—> no places in Sobeys are places basmati rice can be found

Whenever it rains it pours—>All times it rains are times it pours

Question 30

Conditional statements into categorical form

Answer 30

“If P then Q”

Translate into A statements

Ex- if a prof shouts her lectures then she makes her students ears bleed—> all professors who shout their lectures are professors who make their students ears bleed

Question 31

Only vs “the only” translate into categorical

Answer 31

Translate into A statements

An expression that immediately follows “the only” is the subject

Ex- the only mammals are animals—> all mammals are animals

An expression that immediately follows “only” is the predicate

Ex- Only mammals are dogs—> all dogs are mammals