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Philosophy 140 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A proposition

A

“All S are P” becomes “No S are P”

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2
Q

Transformation A

A

Switch subject and predicate

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3
Q

Transformation B

A

Change the quality of proposition

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4
Q

E proposition

A

“No S are P” becomes “All S are P”

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5
Q

I proposition

A

“Some S are P” becomes “Some S are not P”

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6
Q

O proposition

A

“Some S are not P” becomes “some S are P”

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7
Q

Complement

A

An expression which denotes the class whose members consist of everything that falls outside the class denotes by the original term

Initial term- iguanas
Compliment- “non-iguanas” or “things that are not iguanas”

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8
Q

Transformation C

A

Replace 1 or more terms with their compliments

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9
Q

Transformation a example

A

Before- some Iguanas are not excellent singers

After- some excellent singers are not iguanas

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10
Q

Transformation B example

A

Before- some iguanas are not excellent singers

After- some iguanas are excellent singers

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11
Q

Transformation C example

A

Before- some iguanas are excellent singers

After (predicate only)- some iguanas are things that are not excellent singers

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12
Q

Operations types

A

Conversion
Obversion
Contraposition

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13
Q

Conversion and example

A

Transformations (A) only

Original: all macadamia nuts are items banned in the classroom

Converse: all items banned in the classroom are macadamia nuts

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14
Q

Obversion def and examples

A

Transformation: B and C (predicate only)

Original: All macadamia nuts are items banned in the classroom

B- no macadamia nuts are items banned in the classroom

C- no macadamia nuts are items permitted in the classroom

Obverse: No macadamia nuts are items permitted in the classroom

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15
Q

Contraposition def and example

A

Transformation: a and C (subject and predicate)

Original: all macadamia nuts are items banned in the classroom

A: all items banned in the classroom are macadamia nuts

C: All items permitted in the classroom are things that are not macadamia nuts

Contrapositive: all items permitted in the classroom are things that are not macadamia nuts

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16
Q

Equivalences

Proposition- A

A

Proposition- A: All S are P

Obverse (equivalent)

Converse (not equivalent)

Contrapositive (equivalent)

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17
Q

Equivalences

proposition E

A

Proposition- E: No S are P

Obverse (equivalent)

Converse (equivalent)

Contrapositive (not equivalent)

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18
Q

Equivalence

Proposition I

A

Proposition- I: some S are P

Obverse (equivalent)

Converse (equivalent)

Contrapositive (not equivalent)

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19
Q

Equivalences

Proposition O

A

Proposition- O: some S are not P

Obverse (equivalent)

Converse (not equivalent)

Contrapositive (equivalent)

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20
Q

Obverse equivalent for which proposition

A

A/E/I/O

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21
Q

Converse equivalent for

A

E/I

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22
Q

Converse not equivalent for

A

A/O

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23
Q

Contrapositive equivalent for

A

A/O

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24
Q

Contrapositive not equivalent for

A

E/I

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25
Q

Original: some Nova Scotians are not ppl with funny accents

Case 1: Some ppl with funny accents are not Nova Scotians

Analysis:?
Assessment:?

A

Analysis: O statement/ Converse
Assessment: not equivalent

26
Q

Original: some Nova Scotians are not ppl with funny accents

Case 1: Some ppl with funny accents are not Nova Scotians

Analysis:?
Assessment:?

A

Analysis: O statement/ Converse
Assessment: not equivalent

27
Q

Original: some Nova Scotians are not ppl with funny accents

Case 2: some ppl without funny accents are not things that are not Nova Scotians

Analysis:?

Assessment:?

A

Analysis: O statement/ contra positive

Assessment: equivalent

28
Q

Syllogism

A

Deductive argument with exactly 2 premises and 1 conclusion

29
Q

Categorical Syllogism
And
Examples

A

Both premises and the conclusion of the argument are categorical propositions

Premises and conclusions contain exactly 3 different terms between them

Each term appears twice in different propositions

-All logicians are awkward conversationalists
- (some logicians are not tango aficionados)
-Some awkward conversationalists are not tango aficionados

30
Q

Major term

A

Term that occurs as the predicate of the conclusion and in one of the premises

31
Q

Major premise

A

Premise in which the major term occurs

32
Q

Minor term

A

Term that occurs as the subject of the conclusion and in one of the premises

33
Q

Minor premise

A

Premise in which the minor term occurs

34
Q

Middle term

A

Term that occurs in both premises but doesn’t not occur anywhere in the conclusion

35
Q

-all logicians are awkward conversationalists
-(some logicians are not tango aficionados)
-some awkward conversationalists are not tango aficionados

Terms and premises:

A

Major term: tango aficionados

Minor term: awkward conversationalists

Middle term: logicians

Major premise: “some logicians are not tango aficionados”

Minor Premise: “all logicians are awkward conversationalists”

36
Q

Standard form categorical syllogism

A

-Major premise listed first
-Minor premise listed second
-Conclusion listed last

MAKE SURE

-Both premises and conclusion are standard- form categorical propositions

-2 occurrences of each term are the same

-each term has the same meaning in each of its occurrences

37
Q

Mood and example

A

Letter names of the constituent propositions of a categorical syllogism in the following order

Major premise
Minor premise
Conclusion

Example

-Some donkeys are not ill tempered beasts
-(No ill tempered beasts are literate readers)
-some literate readers are donkeys

Analysis

Sentence 1-O/sentence 2-E/ sentence 3-I

Mood: OEI

38
Q

Figure 1

A

Middle term occupies the subject position in major premise and the predicate position in the minor premise

M-p
(s-M)
s-p

39
Q

Figure 2

A

Middle term occupies the predicate position in both premises

p-M
(s-M)
s-p

40
Q

Figure 3

A

Middle term occupies subject position in both premise

M-p
(M-s)
s-p

41
Q

Figure 4

A

Middle term occupies predicate position in the major premise and subject position in minor premise

p-M
(M-s)
s-p

42
Q

Unconditionally valid forms

Figure 1

A

AAA
AII
EAE
EIO

43
Q

Unconditionally valid forms

Figure 2

A

AEE
AOO
EAE
EIO

44
Q

Unconditionally valid forms

Figure 3

A

AII
EIO
IAI
OAO

45
Q

Unconditionally valid forms

Figure 4

A

AEE
EIO
IAI

46
Q

Example of unconditionally valid forms

-Some donkeys are not ill tempered beasts
-no ill tempered beasts are literate readers
——————————————
-some literate readers are donkeys

A

Mood: OEI
Figure: 4
Argument: invalid

47
Q

How to create Ben diagrams

A

Make a 3 circle one

Top circle-M-(middle term)

Bottom left circle - minor term (s)

Bottom right circle- major term (M)

48
Q

Venn diagram numbering

A

M

               1
        2.           4
               3
               6
    5.                   7

S. P

49
Q

A proposition diagram

A

A- all S are P

S and P venn diagram

Fully left section shaded out

50
Q

E proposition Venn diagram

A

No S are P

S and P Venn diagram
Where middle is shaded out

51
Q

I proposition Venn diagram

A

Some s are P

S and P Venn diagram

Middle section has an x

52
Q

O proposition Venn diagram

A

Some S are not P

S and P Venn diagram

S only side has an x

53
Q

I and O premises Venn diagram

A

If one premise requires shading and the other requires placing an x on the diagram, do the shading before placing the x on the diagram

If an x can go into 2 separate regions of a Venn diagram, place it on the line between those 2 regions

54
Q

I and O premises Venn diagram

A

If one premise requires shading and the other requires placing an x on the diagram, do the shading before placing the x on the diagram

If an x can go into 2 separate regions of a Venn diagram, place it on the line between those 2 regions

55
Q

Validity in general

A

Argument is valid if and only if it’s not possible for the premises to be true and conclusion false

56
Q

A Venn diagram show an argument to be valid if and only if

A

The diagram for the premises makes the conclusion true

57
Q

True conclusions
A proposition

A

2 and 5 shaded

58
Q

True conclusions

E-propositions

A

3 and 6 shaded

59
Q

True conclusions

I- propositions

A

X in either region 3 or 6

60
Q

True conclusions

O proposition

A

X in either 2 or 5

Philosophy 140 (4 decks)

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