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Philosophy 140 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A proposition

A

“All S are P” becomes “No S are P”

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2
Q

Transformation A

A

Switch subject and predicate

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3
Q

Transformation B

A

Change the quality of proposition

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4
Q

E proposition

A

“No S are P” becomes “All S are P”

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5
Q

I proposition

A

“Some S are P” becomes “Some S are not P”

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6
Q

O proposition

A

“Some S are not P” becomes “some S are P”

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7
Q

Complement

A

An expression which denotes the class whose members consist of everything that falls outside the class denotes by the original term

Initial term- iguanas
Compliment- “non-iguanas” or “things that are not iguanas”

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8
Q

Transformation C

A

Replace 1 or more terms with their compliments

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9
Q

Transformation a example

A

Before- some Iguanas are not excellent singers

After- some excellent singers are not iguanas

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10
Q

Transformation B example

A

Before- some iguanas are not excellent singers

After- some iguanas are excellent singers

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11
Q

Transformation C example

A

Before- some iguanas are excellent singers

After (predicate only)- some iguanas are things that are not excellent singers

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12
Q

Operations types

A

Conversion
Obversion
Contraposition

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13
Q

Conversion and example

A

Transformations (A) only

Original: all macadamia nuts are items banned in the classroom

Converse: all items banned in the classroom are macadamia nuts

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14
Q

Obversion def and examples

A

Transformation: B and C (predicate only)

Original: All macadamia nuts are items banned in the classroom

B- no macadamia nuts are items banned in the classroom

C- no macadamia nuts are items permitted in the classroom

Obverse: No macadamia nuts are items permitted in the classroom

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15
Q

Contraposition def and example

A

Transformation: a and C (subject and predicate)

Original: all macadamia nuts are items banned in the classroom

A: all items banned in the classroom are macadamia nuts

C: All items permitted in the classroom are things that are not macadamia nuts

Contrapositive: all items permitted in the classroom are things that are not macadamia nuts

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16
Q

Equivalences

Proposition- A

A

Proposition- A: All S are P

Obverse (equivalent)

Converse (not equivalent)

Contrapositive (equivalent)

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17
Q

Equivalences

proposition E

A

Proposition- E: No S are P

Obverse (equivalent)

Converse (equivalent)

Contrapositive (not equivalent)

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18
Q

Equivalence

Proposition I

A

Proposition- I: some S are P

Obverse (equivalent)

Converse (equivalent)

Contrapositive (not equivalent)

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19
Q

Equivalences

Proposition O

A

Proposition- O: some S are not P

Obverse (equivalent)

Converse (not equivalent)

Contrapositive (equivalent)

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20
Q

Obverse equivalent for which proposition

A

A/E/I/O

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21
Q

Converse equivalent for

A

E/I

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22
Q

Converse not equivalent for

A

A/O

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23
Q

Contrapositive equivalent for

A

A/O

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24
Q

Contrapositive not equivalent for

A

E/I

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25
Original: some Nova Scotians are not ppl with funny accents Case 1: Some ppl with funny accents are not Nova Scotians Analysis:? Assessment:?
Analysis: O statement/ Converse Assessment: not equivalent
26
Original: some Nova Scotians are not ppl with funny accents Case 1: Some ppl with funny accents are not Nova Scotians Analysis:? Assessment:?
Analysis: O statement/ Converse Assessment: not equivalent
27
Original: some Nova Scotians are not ppl with funny accents Case 2: some ppl without funny accents are not things that are not Nova Scotians Analysis:? Assessment:?
Analysis: O statement/ contra positive Assessment: equivalent
28
Syllogism
Deductive argument with exactly 2 premises and 1 conclusion
29
Categorical Syllogism And Examples
Both premises and the conclusion of the argument are categorical propositions Premises and conclusions contain exactly 3 different terms between them Each term appears twice in different propositions -All logicians are awkward conversationalists - (some logicians are not tango aficionados) -Some awkward conversationalists are not tango aficionados
30
Major term
Term that occurs as the predicate of the conclusion and in one of the premises
31
Major premise
Premise in which the major term occurs
32
Minor term
Term that occurs as the subject of the conclusion and in one of the premises
33
Minor premise
Premise in which the minor term occurs
34
Middle term
Term that occurs in both premises but doesn’t not occur anywhere in the conclusion
35
-all logicians are awkward conversationalists -(some logicians are not tango aficionados) -some awkward conversationalists are not tango aficionados Terms and premises:
Major term: tango aficionados Minor term: awkward conversationalists Middle term: logicians Major premise: “some logicians are not tango aficionados” Minor Premise: “all logicians are awkward conversationalists”
36
Standard form categorical syllogism
-Major premise listed first -Minor premise listed second -Conclusion listed last MAKE SURE -Both premises and conclusion are standard- form categorical propositions -2 occurrences of each term are the same -each term has the same meaning in each of its occurrences
37
Mood and example
Letter names of the constituent propositions of a categorical syllogism in the following order Major premise Minor premise Conclusion Example -Some donkeys are not ill tempered beasts -(No ill tempered beasts are literate readers) -some literate readers are donkeys Analysis Sentence 1-O/sentence 2-E/ sentence 3-I Mood: OEI
38
Figure 1
Middle term occupies the subject position in major premise and the predicate position in the minor premise M-p (s-M) s-p
39
Figure 2
Middle term occupies the predicate position in both premises p-M (s-M) s-p
40
Figure 3
Middle term occupies subject position in both premise M-p (M-s) s-p
41
Figure 4
Middle term occupies predicate position in the major premise and subject position in minor premise p-M (M-s) s-p
42
Unconditionally valid forms Figure 1
AAA AII EAE EIO
43
Unconditionally valid forms Figure 2
AEE AOO EAE EIO
44
Unconditionally valid forms Figure 3
AII EIO IAI OAO
45
Unconditionally valid forms Figure 4
AEE EIO IAI
46
Example of unconditionally valid forms -Some donkeys are not ill tempered beasts -no ill tempered beasts are literate readers —————————————— -some literate readers are donkeys
Mood: OEI Figure: 4 Argument: invalid
47
How to create Ben diagrams
Make a 3 circle one Top circle-M-(middle term) Bottom left circle - minor term (s) Bottom right circle- major term (M)
48
Venn diagram numbering
M 1 2. 4 3 6 5. 7 S. P
49
A proposition diagram
A- all S are P S and P venn diagram Fully left section shaded out
50
E proposition Venn diagram
No S are P S and P Venn diagram Where middle is shaded out
51
I proposition Venn diagram
Some s are P S and P Venn diagram Middle section has an x
52
O proposition Venn diagram
Some S are not P S and P Venn diagram S only side has an x
53
I and O premises Venn diagram
If one premise requires shading and the other requires placing an x on the diagram, do the shading before placing the x on the diagram If an x can go into 2 separate regions of a Venn diagram, place it on the line between those 2 regions
54
I and O premises Venn diagram
If one premise requires shading and the other requires placing an x on the diagram, do the shading before placing the x on the diagram If an x can go into 2 separate regions of a Venn diagram, place it on the line between those 2 regions
55
Validity in general
Argument is valid if and only if it’s not possible for the premises to be true and conclusion false
56
A Venn diagram show an argument to be valid if and only if
The diagram for the premises makes the conclusion true
57
True conclusions A proposition
2 and 5 shaded
58
True conclusions E-propositions
3 and 6 shaded
59
True conclusions I- propositions
X in either region 3 or 6
60
True conclusions O proposition
X in either 2 or 5

Philosophy 140 (5 decks)

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