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Philosophy 140 > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Critical thinking

A

Using various techniques of logic in order to determine whether or not we ought to believe the various things we read or ppl tell us

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2
Q

Logic

A

The discipline that evaluates arguments

Consists of methods for determining whether arguments are good or bad

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3
Q

Argument

A

Group of statements/ propositions, one or more of which —the premises— are claimed to provide support for one of the others - the conclusion

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4
Q

Premises

A

Statements/ propositions that present reasons or evidence

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5
Q

Conclusion

A

The statement or proposition the evidence is claimed to support

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6
Q

Statements

A

Sentences used to make claims about how things are (true or false)

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7
Q

Examples of non statements

A

Questions
Promises
Commands

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8
Q

Types of arguments

A

Deductive argument
Inductive argument

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9
Q

Deductive argument

A

Incorporate the claim that its impossible for the conclusion to be false given the premises are true

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10
Q

Inductive argument

A

Incorporate the claim that’s it’s IMPROBABLE for the conclusion to be false given the premises are true

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11
Q

Identifying arguments criteria

A

Presence of indicator technology

The actual strength of inferential connection

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12
Q

Indicator terminology deductive

A

Necessarily. Certainly. Absolutely. Definitely

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13
Q

Indicator terminology inductive

A

Probable. Improbable. Plausible. Implausible. Likely. Unlikely

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14
Q

Inferential connections deductive

A

Conclusion in fact follows with strict necessity from the premises

Ex. Dogs are mammals. All mammals are animals. Therefore all dogs are animals

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15
Q

Inductive inferential connections

A

Conclusion in fact follows probably from the premises

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16
Q

Evaluating deductive arguments

A

Validity

Soundness

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17
Q

Validity

A

Deductive argument is valid if and only if it’s not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false

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18
Q

Soundness

A

Argument is sound in the case

i) valid
ii) has all true premises

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19
Q

Evaluating inductive arguments

A

Strength

Cogency

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20
Q

Strength

A

It’s improbable the conclusion is false given the premises are true

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21
Q

Cogency

Cogent if….

A

Cogent if

i) strong
ii) has all true premises

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22
Q

A passage contains an argument only if

A
  1. Contains at least one premises and a conclusion
  2. Includes an inferential claim to the effect that the premises provide reasons or evidence for the conclusion
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23
Q

Evidence for an inferential claim includes

A

Indicator terminology

Inferential relations

Controversial conclusions

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24
Q

Inferential relations

A

1 or more of the statements in fact provide adequate reasons or evidence for one of the others

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25
Q

Non arguments

A

Unstructured passages
Structured passages

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26
Q

Unstructured passages

A
  1. Statement of belief
  2. Loosely associated statements
  3. Report
  4. Conditional statements
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27
Q

Structured passages

A
  1. Expository passage
  2. Illustrative passage
  3. Explanatory passage
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28
Q

Statement of belief

A

Conveys the speakers opinions about something

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29
Q

Loosely associated statements

A

A collection of statements on the same general subject

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30
Q

Report

A

A group of statements that convey information about some topic or event

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31
Q

Conditional statement

A

A statement in the form of “if…. Then….”

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32
Q

Antecedent (in a conditional statement)

A

Statement following the “if”

33
Q

Consequent (conditional statement)

A

Component statement immediately following the “then”

34
Q

Expository passage

A

Collection of statements that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop or elaborate on it

35
Q

Illustrative passage

A

Collection of statements consisting of a generalization together with one or more instances of this generation

36
Q

Explanatory passage

A

A group of statements that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon

37
Q

Explanandum (explanatory passage)

A

Statement describing event or phenomenon

38
Q

Explanans (explanatory passage)

A

Statements that proport to do the explaining

39
Q

Indicators

A

Premise indicator
Conclusion indicator

40
Q

Premise indicator

A

Indicates the statement that follows is a premises in the argument

41
Q

Premises indicator example

A

Because. Since. For. Given that. As indicated by.

42
Q

Conclusion indicator

A

Indicates the statement which follows it is the conclusion

43
Q

Conclusion indicator examples

A

Therefore. This. Consequently. So hence. It follows that. As a result

44
Q

Guidelines for restructuring an argument

A
  1. List the premises first (labeled P sub1,Pv2…) and the conclusion labeled C last
  2. Write the premises and conclusion in the form of separate declarative sentences
  3. Eliminate all premise and conclusion indicators
  4. Compound arrangements of statements in which the various components are all claimed to be true will be considered separate statements
  5. Omit statements that are neither premises nor conclusions
45
Q

Guidelines for restructuring an argument

A
  1. List the premises first (labeled P sub1,Pv2…) and the conclusion labeled C last
  2. Write the premises and conclusion in the form of separate declarative sentences
  3. Eliminate all premise and conclusion indicators
  4. Compound arrangements of statements in which the various components are all claimed to be true will be considered separate statements
  5. Omit statements that are neither premises nor conclusions
46
Q

An arrow a from one number (1) to another (2) means…

A

That statement 1 supports statement 2

47
Q

Conjoint premises: two or more statements (1) and (2) are conjoint premises for a conclusion (3)…..

A

If taken separately they provide little or no support for (3), but taken together they do provide support.

A single arrow from a brace encompassing 1 and 2 to 3 indicates this

48
Q

Independent premises: 2 or more statements (1),(2),(3),(4) are independent premises for a conclusion (5) if….

A

Each would continue to support 5 in a he same way were the others omitted.

Separate arrows from different group of numbers indicate independent premises

49
Q

Multiple conclusions: when a statement (1) supports more than one conclusion (2) and (3)

A

An arrow goes from (1) to a brace encompassing both 2 and 3

50
Q

Fallacy

A

A type of bad argument that has proven to be regularly persuasive, that somehow creates an illustration to make it SEEM good

51
Q

Fallacy

A

A type of bad argument that has proven to be regularly persuasive, that somehow creates an illustration to make it SEEM good

52
Q

Ad Hominem (against the person)

A

Occurs when 1 person advances an argument and another person responds by directing their attention to the person who made the argument instead of the argument itself

53
Q

Ad Hominem (against the person)

A

Occurs when 1 person advances an argument and another person responds by directing their attention to the person who made the argument instead of the argument itself

54
Q

Abusive- ad hominem

A

When a respondent uses abusive language against their argumentative opponent

55
Q

Circumstantial- ad hominem

A

When a respondent accuses their opponent of having a personal stake in the outcome of the dispute which entails the matters argument shouldn’t be taken seriously

56
Q

Tu quoque- ad hominem

A

When a respondent attempt to make their opponent appear to be hypocritical or arguing in bad faith

Ex. Joe says smoking is bad. But he smokes. Hence smoking isn’t dangerous

57
Q

Cluster I

Appeals to emotion

A

Appeals to emotion

Ad baculum, ad misericordiam, ad populum

58
Q

Ad baculum

A

Appeal to force

Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to a disputant and tells them some harm will come to them unless they agree

59
Q

Ad misericordiam

A

Appeal to pity

When an arguer attempts to support a conclusion by merely evoking pity from the reader or listener

Ex. If dad went to jail i would be sad. Mom would lose her house. Dad doesn’t deserve to go to jail

60
Q

Ad populum

A

Bandwagon

When an arguer uses ppls desire to be loved, accepted, etc. To get listeners to accept a conclusion

Ex. Kardashians believe the world is flat. U should too

61
Q

Cluster II

A

Parts and members

(Accident, hasty generalization, composition, division)

62
Q

Accident

A

(Destroying the exception)

When a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover

Ex. Regular exercise is essential to healthy lifestyle. Hence a diagnosis of pneumonia isn’t going to get you out of gym class

63
Q

Hasty generalization

A

When a too small or unrepresentative sample of a population is used to justify a generalization about all or most members of that population

Ex. My fam thinks i would be a great prince minister therefore Trudeau should worry about losing to me

64
Q

Composition

A

When the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the whole

Ex. Each brick is 50% silica. Therefore the whole wall is 50% silica

65
Q

Division

A

When the conclusion depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from a whole into its parts

Ex. Wall is 50% silica. It follows that each brick is 50% silica

66
Q

Cluster III

Changing the subject

A

Changing the subject (straw person, irrelevant conclusion, red herring)

67
Q

Cluster III

Changing the subject

A

Changing the subject (straw person, irrelevant conclusion, red herring)

68
Q

Straw person

A

Occurs when an arguer distorts an opponents argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it

Ex. Always thinks Nova Scotians should be allowed to teach in Sask. he thinks students need to learn fishing from men with funny accents. That’s the last thing we need

69
Q

Irrelevant conclusion

A

Missing the point

When the premises of an argument support one conclusion but a different often vaguely related conclusion is drawn

Ex. Theft and robbery have been increasing. Therefore we should reinstate the death penalty

70
Q

Red herring

A

When the arguer diverts the attention of the listener by changing the subject to a different but subtly related one

Ex. Statistics showing seatbelts make u safer are flawed. Forcing ppl to use seatbelts is an infringement of liberty. It’s the first step to authoritarian government

71
Q

Cluster IV

A

Weak induction (ad ignorantium, slippery slope)

72
Q

Ad ignorantium

A

Appeal to ignorance

When the premises establish that a thesis of some kind has not been proven and, on that basis, it is concluded that the contrary must be correct

Ex. No one has ever proved ghosts don’t exist. Therefore ghosts exist

73
Q

Slippery slope

A

When the conclusion rests upon an elleged chain reaction when there isn’t sufficient reason to think the chain reaction will occur

Ex. If i stole ur credit card i would take out a bunch of money. Then i would buy an airplane and then i would fly to Sweden. And i would never talk to you again. And since im talking to you right now i didn’t steal your credit card

74
Q

Cluster 5
Presuppositions

A

Presuppositions

(Loaded question, false dilemma)

75
Q

Loaded question

A

Complex question

Occurs when a question is posed which contains a controversial presupposition

76
Q

False dilemma

A

False dichotomy

When an either/or premise is deployed which presents 2 unlikely alternatives as if they were the only ones available

Ex. Either i deserve the Nobel prize for chem, or the laws of nature have changed. Therefore i deserve the Nobel prize bc the laws of nature didn’t change

77
Q

Cluster VI

Ambiguities (double meanings)

A

Ambiguities

Semantic ambiguity, amphiboly

78
Q

Equivocation

A

Semantic ambiguity

When the conclusion of an argument depends on the fact that a word or phrase is used in Two different senses in the argument

Ex. Crows feathers are extremely light (weight and colour). Therefore the black bird cawing in the tree can’t be a crow

79
Q

Syntactic ambiguity

A

Amphiboly

When the conclusion depends on the fact that a premise is ambiguous between 2 or more grammatical structures

Ex. Officer smith arrested a suspect with an open bottle of whiskey in his hand. He should get reprimanded for drinking on the job

Philosophy 140 (4 decks)

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