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AAA Marine Bio > quiz 3- plankton > Flashcards

quiz 3- plankton Flashcards

1
Q

Define plankton as a group

A
  • organisms found generally floating in the water column- some types can swim but not strong enough to oppose currents
  • functional group, not taxonomic
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2
Q

phytoplankton

A

photosynthesizing plankton

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3
Q

Describe the major ecological roles of marine viruses as plankton in the water column.

A
  • nutrient cycling
  • pathogens of plankton
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4
Q

Describe the major ecological roles of bacteria as plankton in the water column.

A
  • decomposers- use up oxygen and contribute to oxygen minimum layer
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5
Q

Describe the major ecological roles of fungi as plankton in the water column.

A
  • fungi- important decomposers, also parasites of plankton
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6
Q

Define cyanobacteria and describe their importance in nitrogen cycling.

A
  • “blue-green algae” but actually bacteria
  • fix n into ammonium, nitrates + nitrites
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7
Q

Describe similarities in ecological roles across viruses, bacteria, and marine fungi

A
  • nutrient cycling
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8
Q

Diatoms: biological characteristics and ecology

A
  • single-celled protists
  • dominate phytoplankton communities in temperate to polar waters
  • fit together like a pill box- shells made of silica
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9
Q

phylum and class of diatoms

A

P: Chrysophyta
C: Bacillariophyceae

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10
Q

Dinoflagellates: biological characteristics and ecology

A
  • protists and single celled (same as diatoms
  • dominate subtropical + tropical communities
  • some bioluminescent
  • can cause harmful algal blooms- cause “red tides”
  • generally free-living
  • Two flagella: one transverse wrapped around the cell in the groove, the other is perpendicular and runs to the back of the cell
  • covered in THECA
  • may produce different toxins-
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11
Q

examples of toxins that may be produced from dinoflagella

A

saxitoxin
- from Alexandrium sp.
- depresses sodium ion transport, impacting nervous system
- kills filter-feeding bivalves, and potentially humans that feed on them
brevotoxin
- Katerina Brevis species
- cause of TOXIC red tides
- also binds to sodium channels, but RARELY fatal to humans

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12
Q

Dinoflagellates Phylum and class

A

P: Pyrrophyta
C: Dinophyceae

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13
Q

Diatoms: life cycle

A
  • sexual + asexual (binary fission) reproduction
  • diatoms get smaller after each division- at a certain size, a gamete is produced
  • auxospores- cell increases in size, casts of small valves and replaves them with larger valves
  • asexual repro helps them form large blooms very quickly
  • can also create ASEXUAL RESTING SPORES- fall to seabed and wait out poor envi conditions b4 developing
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14
Q

Dinoflagellates: life cycle + resting stages

A
  • asexual (binary fission) and sexual repro
  • temporary cysts- resting stages- sink to ocean floor until conditions are favorable and they can begin development
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15
Q

theca

A

series of CELLULOSE PLATES covering dinoflagellates, important for helping to identify them

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16
Q

what are zooxanthellae

A

dinoflagellates
NOT free-living- within host tissue

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17
Q

Coccolithophores Phylum

A

Chrysophyta

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18
Q

Coccolithophores- about

A

Phytoplankton
tropical open ocean
Massive bluish-white blooms- can be seen from space!

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19
Q

Coccolithophores- bio char.s

A
  • spherical
  • covered in coccoliths (but not all of them are- some “naked” coccolithophores)
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20
Q

what are coccoliths?

A

plates covering Coccolithophores
CALCIUM CARBONATE
make up 1/3 of total Ca Carbonate production in the ocean!

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21
Q

Zooplankton

A

Not photosynthesizers- heterotrophs
- next level of food chain above phytoplankton or a bit higher- important parts of lower levels

22
Q

Crustacean zooplankton: characteristics, ecology

A

Chitin skeleton
Body skeleton
Paired, jointed appendages
types: COPEPODS, KRILL, larval crabs, shrimp, & lobsters

23
Q

crustacean zooplankton Phylum and Subphylum

A

Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea

24
Q

Phyla of Gelatinous zooplankton

A
  • phyla Cnidaria, Ctenophora, chordata
25
Q

Copepods

A
  • Crustacean zooplankton
  • Plankton from SpongeBob
  • Dominate nearly all oceans- largest mass of any plankton type
  • feed on phytoplankton, organic matter in water column, smaller plankton
26
Q

Copepods Phylum, Subphylum, Order

A

Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Order Copepoda

27
Q

Copepod life cycle

A

Eggs
Naupliar stage (6 stages)
Copepodite stages (teenager)
Adult

28
Q

2 major copepod families

A

calanidae
eucalanidae

29
Q

Unique part of life cycle of Calanidae and Eucalanidae

A

DIAPAUSE stage (move into deeper water, like hibernation- arrested development)
OR may produce DIAPAUSE EGGS
BETWEEN COPEPODITE and ADULT stages

30
Q

chem/physical oceanic importance of diapausing

A

MAY be responsible for sequestering more carbon than any other biogeochemical process

31
Q

Sp. example of diapausing

A

Calanus finmarchius
form dense layers that attract north atlantic right whales

32
Q

Krill

A

Crustacean zooplankton

  • dominant in Antarctic Ocean
  • feed on phytoplankton and small zooplankton
  • main food source for marine mammals and birds
  • important carbon sinks
  • sea ice melting affects them (I’m unsure how)
  • krill can swim and SWARM- move away from predators or toward prey
  • all bioluminescent except for one family
33
Q

Order of krill

A

Euphasiaceae

34
Q

Phylum Cnidaria, class scyphozoa

A

True jellies
- gelatinous zooplankton
- contract bell to swim
- feed on phytoplankton, zooplankton, small fish
- capture food via stinging/sticky nematocysts

35
Q

Phylum and class of true jellies

A

Phylum Cnidaria, class scyphozoa

36
Q

Phylum Cnidaria, class hydrozoa

A
  • gelatinous zooplankton
  • SIPHONOPHORES
  • COLONIAL animals
  • long, thin, transparent
  • many have nematocysts
  • eat copepods, small crustaceans and small fish
  • eg: PORTUGUESE MAN O WAR
37
Q

Phylum and Class of Siphonophores

A

Phylum Cnidaria, class hydrozoa

38
Q

the four polyps of the siphonophore portuguese man’o’war

A

Pneumatophore- gas-filled
Dacilozooids- on tentacles, covered in nematocysts
Gastrozooids- digestive
Gonozooids- reproductive

39
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A
  • gelatinous zooplankton
  • comb jellies
  • rows of teeth
  • Digest externally with secreted enzymes
40
Q

Phylum chordata, subphylum tunicata

A
  • gelatinous zooplankton
  • tunicates!
  • chains of individuals: blastozooids (each of these reproduce sexually)
  • have an asexual solitary phase
41
Q

Phylum foraminifera

A
  • NOT gelatinous zooplankton
  • PROTISTAN zooplankton instead
  • external CALCIUM CARBONATE skeleton
    Can stream out their cytoplasm thru pores in their shell to capture bacteria and phytoplankton
    (more closely related to diatoms + dinof.s than other zooplankton)
42
Q

Phylum Chaetognatha

A
  • ARROW WORMS
  • MACROPLANKTON
  • torpedo-shaped
  • some produce a deadly neurotoxin- tetrodotoxin
43
Q

Pteropods phylum, class, order

A

Phylum Mollusca, class Gastropoda, order Pteropoda

44
Q

angels vs butterflies

A

butterfly- shell
eat marine snow- capture w a sticky net
angel- no shell (feed on butterflies)

45
Q

Diatoms are found in the Phylum ______

A

Chrysophyta

46
Q

A group of zooplankton that utilize contractile pseudopodia to capture their food are called _______

A

Foraminiferans

47
Q

Diatoms are encased by a _____ shell called a _____. (They get smaller in size as diatoms reproduce asexually.)

A
  • silica
  • valve
48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Diatoms can produce an auxospore in nutrient poor conditions, which fall to the seafloor and can remain dormant until favorable conditions return. FIX IF FALSE

A

FALSE
- Diatoms can produce a TEMPORARY RESTING SPORE in nutrient poor conditions, which fall to the seafloor and can remain dormant until favorable conditions return.

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Diatoms can undergo sexual reproduction by releasing gametes. This often occurs once the individual gets too small to reproduce asexually. FIX IF FALSE

A

TRUE

50
Q

Diatom valves can be covered in _____, _____ and/or _____

A
  • spines
  • pores
  • ridges
51
Q

neuston

A

float on top or live right under the surface
includes microscopic organisms that use surface tension

52
Q

pleuston

A

float by buoyancy
macroscopic organisms

AAA Marine Bio (18 decks)

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