Quiz 3 Flashcards
Adult onset dystonia usually involves which part of the body?
Neck and facial muscles
Which axis is based on the cause of dystonia?
Axis II
Focal dystonia affecting which part of the body is most common?
Cervical dystonia
Which type of focal dystonia is second most common and causes eyelids to clench shut?
Blepharospasm
Which part of the brain is most affected in dystonia?
Basal ganglia (midbrain)
What treatment is an injection to temporarily halts release of ACh?
Botox
Which surgical procedure involves placement of an electrode in the midbrain?
deep brain stimulation
Which irregular movement makes it appear as if the person is dancing?
Chorea
People develop this type of chorea after rheumatic fever (complication of strep throat)?
Sydenham’s chorea
This disease is an autosomal dominant inheritable disease with the main sign of chorea
Huntington chorea
Huntington’s is due to a chromosomal abnormality leading to a mutant protein called?
Huntingtin
Which movement disorder is caused by damage to the basal ganglia and involves the proximal muscles, which may occur on one or both sides of the body?
Hemiballismus/ ballismus
This cerebellar condition is characterized by poor muscle control that causes clumsy voluntary movements
Ataxia
Which type of tremor is most common in parkinson’s?
Resting/ pill rolling tremor
Which movement disorder involves involuntary writhing movements which may be continuous, slow and rolling?
Athetosis
Which movement disorder involves painful muscle contractions and spasms that often begin in the legs and back?
Stiff person syndrome
In stiff person syndrome, the body develops antibodies which limit the production of which neurotransmitter?
GABA
Which condition is caused by an accumulation of a protein a-synuclein which leads to progressive deterioration of brain?
MSA (multiple system atrophy)
Which disorder is caused by a build up of tau proteins leading to plaques in the brain? Early signs are falling backward and vertical gaze
PSP (progressive supranuclear palsy)
Which disorder can lead to many organs being affected, persistent tremors and prevents getting rid of excess copper?
Wilson’s disease
Which type of epilepsy is most common and localized to one part of the brain?
Focal epilepsy
Restless leg syndrome is due to an imbalance of which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
To be diagnosed with this condition a person must have vocal and motor tics for at least a year
Tourette’s
What is the function of dopamine?
It’s a pleasure hormone that calms the nervous system
What is the function of GABA?
calms the nervous system
where is most dopamine produced?
Basal ganglia/ midbrain
which system consists of basal ganglia working with cerebellum to inhibit unwanted movements?
Extrapyramidal
What are possible causes of parkinson’s?
Idiopathic, toxic exposure, arteriosclerotic, drug induced, repetitive brain trauma
With parkinson’s, the gamma system is constantly stimulated which leads to enlarged _____ causing rigidity.
muscle spindles
What are common signs of parkinson’s?
Resting tremor, festinating gait, poor protective reflexes, rigidity, unstable balance, slow shuffling steps
Which glial cells provide support and nutrition to neurons?
Astrocytes
Which glial cells myelinate axons in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
What are common signs of MS?
Sensory and optic neuritis, paresthesia, fatigue, numbness, weakness, pain, incontinence, ataxia, cognitive impairment
What are 2 diagnostic criteria for MS?
2 separate attacks (24h) one month apart, detectable damage to myelin of CNS
Which countries have high rates of MS?
Canada (highest), europe, new zealand, northern US, UK, scandinavia
What are causes of MS?
Idiopathic, low vitamin D, viral, environmental toxins
MS plaques are most common in which areas?
Basal ganglia, optic nerve, 3rd and 4th ventricles, midbrain, pons, spinal cord
What is the most common type of MS?
relapsing remitting
in benign MS what is the most common symptom?
visual
Which virus has been found in a high percent of people with MS? Which vitamin are they deficient in?
Epstein barre virus, vitamin D
What are causes of ALS?
Idiopathic, autoimmune attack in CNS against motor neurons, excitotoxicity (too much glutamate)
What is the survival time in ALS?
2-5 years
What is another name for ALS?
Lou Gehrig’s disease
Who discovered ALS?
Charcot
Which neurotransmitter is involved in excitotoxicity with ALS?
glutamate
Which 2 organelles can be dysfunctional with ALS?
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum
What medication is used to treat ALS?
Rilutech
Which neurons are affected with ALS?
motor neurons
Which nerves are affected with guillian barre?
Lower motor neurons (PNS)
what are 2 blood product treatments for GBS?
plasma flush and immunoglobulin
class 1 myasthenia gravis involves which body part?
the eyes
MG causes a dramatic reduction of which receptors?
ACh
post polio syndrome is due to burning out of enlarged _____?
motor units
what modality can be used to assist diagnosis of PPS, ALS, and GBS?
EMG
thoracic outlet syndrome involves compression of which arteries/veins?
subclavian/ brachial plexus
a cause of TOS may be tightness of which 2 muscles?
anterior scalene and pec minor
what radial artery vascular tests help diagnose TOS?
allen, adson, wright
carpal tunnel syndrome involves compression of which nerve?
median nerve
Bell’s palsy affects which cranial nerve?
cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)
post hepatic neuralgia occurs in people who have had?
chickenpox
a cause of diabetic neuropathy is?
high blood sugar
Erb’s palsy involves traction injury to which part of the brachial plexus?
upper, C5-C6
why are females more likely to develop piriformis syndrome?
wider pelvis leading to larger Q angle
piriformis syndrome may be caused by this variation to the sciatic nerve
nerve goes through piriformis muscle instead of under
the nerve affected in tarsal tunnel syndrome is?
tibial nerve
the nerve affected in cubital tunnel syndrome is?
ulnar nerve
cranial nerve affected in trigeminal neuralgia is?
trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve 5
