Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is the most common cause of a TBI for an infant?
Abuse/neglect
Most common cause of TBI for high school age?
Motor vehicle accident
What are the 2 major categories for TBIs?
Open and closed
What are examples of anoxic brain injuries?
Drowning, strangulation, smoke inhalation, carbon monoxide poisoning
What are 2 secondary effects of a closed brain injury?
bleeding, swelling
What predicts the outcome of a TBI?
Age, previous level of functioning, severity, coma, post-traumatic amnesia
What is the lowest score on the GCS?
3
What is the GCS classification of a severe brain injury?
3-8
What is the brain cell that prevents healing of the axon?
Astrocyte
What is it called when the brain is capable of axonal sprouting?
Neuroplasticity
What is the most common cause of concussions?
Car accidents
What is the most common age group to get concussions?
under 4 years old
Which youth sport has the highest concussion rate?
Female soccer
Which response can be seen after a moderate TBI?
Fencing response
What force causes more diffuse damage and is more likely to cause a DAI?
Rotational force
The signs and symptoms of a concussion are the result of?
An energy crisis
What are red flags after a person has a suspected concussion?
severe headache, drowsiness, seizures, decreased LOC, confusion, numb limbs, slurred speech, fluid from ears, black eyes, vomiting, memory loss before injury
The energy crisis in a concussion is due to restricted blood flow from which ions rushing into/out of the cell?
Potassium rushing out and calcium rushing in
Which neurotransmitter spikes at the synaptic junctions after a concussion?
Glutamate
Most concussions resolve in how long?
7-10 days
What is it called when symptoms persist for months/years after the incident?
Post concussion syndrome
How long should a person wait before returning to sports after a concussion?
30 days
What is the most effective treatment for a concussion?
Education and reassurance, light aerobic activity
Which test can be administered on the sideline if concussion is suspected?
SCAT
What test determines the level of cardiovascular stress to start exercise at?
Buffalo treadmill test
What law ensures coaches have concussion training?
Rowan’s law
What is the most common cause of a SCI?
tumors, growths, stroke, car accidents
The most common area of SCI to cause paraplegia?
Thoracic area
What is the descending tract that carries motor info?
corticospinal tract
What type of force leads to anterior cord syndrome?
Hyperflexion
What are the 4 types of incomplete spinal injuries?
Central cord syndrome, anterior cord syndrome, posterior cord syndrome, brown sequard syndrome
A grade 3 muscle test is?
The muscle can move the joint against gravity through full ROM
C6 tests which myotomes
biceps/brachioradialis
L5 tests which muscles?
tibialis anterior
what is a radiculopathy?
a nerve root process
what is “A” on the ASIA scale?
complete
Neurogenic shock involves which chain?
Sympathetic chain
what is a cause of brown-sequard?
penetrating trauma
what level does autonomic dysreflexia occur at?
T6 and above
what level does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2, called conus medullaris
what are leading causes of death following SCI?
pneumonia, embolus, septicemia
what is a cause of autonomic disfunction?
any disease that damages the sympathetic/parasympathetic NS (ex. diabetes, parkinsons)
What are signs of autonomic dysreflexia?
high bp, headaches, sweating, facial erythma, goosebumps, blurred vision
what do you do for autonomic dysreflexia?
check for bladder or bowel obstruction
what type of breathing should someone who is C1-4 quad learn?
glossopharyngeal
what are the myotomes?
C5- deltoid
C6- biceps
C7- triceps
C8- FDS (wrist flexors)
T1- DABs (finger abductors)
L2- iliopsoas (hip flexors)
L4- quadricep
L5- tibialis anterior (foot dorsiflexion)
S1- gastrocnemius (foot plantarflexion)
