QUIZ#3 Flashcards
1
Q
a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight
infection and disease.
A
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME
2
Q
HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can also be spread by contact with infected blood or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding. Without medication, it may take years before HIV weakens your immune system to the point that you have AIDS.
A
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME
3
Q
Transmission of HIV occurs mainly by exchange of body
fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and
perinatal events.
A
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME
4
Q
a particular disease which entirely affects the infected person: his/her physical appearance, mental, morale, close
relatives, and all his/her social relations.
A
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME
5
Q
By damaging your
immune system, _____ interferes with your body’s ability to fight
infection and disease.
A
HIV
6
Q
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME IS a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the?
A
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
7
Q
is a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
A
HIV
8
Q
How are HIV spread?
A
- spread by contact with infected blood
- from mother to child during pregnancy
- childbirth or breast-feeding.
9
Q
How are HIV transmitted?
A
exchange of body
fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and
perinatal events.
10
Q
What does HIV affects in a person?
A
- his/her physical appearance
- mental
- morale
- close relatives,
- his/her social relations.
11
Q
What are instances/scenarios of increased risk of acquiring the HIV infection
A
- injecting drug users (IDU)
- male and female sex workers
- men who have sex with men
12
Q
How does HIV-aids became a public health issue worldwide?
A
because of its:
* high prevalence
* its pathogenic character
* its mortality
* its morbidity.
13
Q
Why is aids an issue?
A
▪ Mainly because of the manner in which AIDS is acquired.
▪ severe discrimination is exercised against AIDS patients.
14
Q
Who are those people usually infected with the HIV virus?
A
- homosexual
- bisexual
- intravenous drug users
15
Q
PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES AMONG HIV/AIDS PATIENTS
A
- Emotional—shock, numbness, disbelief, confusion, uncertainty about present and future, denial, guilt, frequent changes of mood, sadness, and concern about the future.
- Behavioral—crying, anger expressed verbally and physically, withdrawal, checking the body for signs of infection/deterioration.
- Fear of pain, death, disability, loss of functioning, loss of privacy/confidentiality, desertion, etc.
- Loss of future and ambitions, physical attractiveness and potency, sexual relationship, status in community, independence, control over life, and confidence.
- Guilt about the behavior that resulted in HIV infection, infecting others, and disrupting the life of others.
- Grief over the loss of health.
- Isolation due to social stigma.
- Resentment at changes in living patterns.
- Depression due to absence of a cure, loss of personal control, etc.
- Anxiety about prognosis, social, occupational, domestic, and sexual hostility and rejection.
- Anger about the helplessness of the situation, unfair fate, others who are infection-free, health care workers, and others who discriminate.
- Loss of self-esteem due to rejection, loss of confidence, loss of identity, physical impact of HIV infection, etc.
- Obsession due to pre-occupation with health.
- Suicidal thoughts and acts.
- In some instances, a symptom complex similar to post-traumatic stress disorder is
common in the first few weeks after notification of HIV positivity. - The person may become extremely anxious and hyper-vigilant about physical symptoms, exhibiting marked dependence on health care providers.
- Other responses are—transient or chronic sexual dysfunction and social withdrawal due to fear of infecting others or of social rejection.
- Significant others of patients with HIV disease face many stresses associated with the
patient’s illness. They may experience grief response, financial concerns, and lack of
social support due to stigma attached to illness. - Many psychiatric syndromes are associated with HIV/AIDS. Depression, anxiety,
paranoia, mania, irritability, psychosis and substance abuse are common in HIV
positive persons.
16
Q
screening issues of HIV
A
A conflict between:
▪ The necessity to protect the population health in general
- Application of the principle of common good
▪ The necessity to protect people as free individuals having rights
- respecting patient’s autonomy (privacy & confidentiality)
17
Q
Stigmatization Follows the Discrimination of HIV
Patients
A
Discrimination results to hesitation to give care, and gossiping about patient’s extra marital relationship, create a kind of guilty
feeling, grief, depression, fear, anger, suicidal thought, and act of
self isolation and loss of self-esteem in the patient.
▪ Respect AIDS patients rights to:
- mingled with society, be respected by family, society, get
informed and oriented, privacy, get diagnosis tested and further
treatment, earn his/her own living, get education, get back the
job after treatment, get equal societal treatment,
18
Q
Ethical Responsibilities of nurses aiding HIV-Aids infected patients
A
▪ respect the dignity of their patients by observing privacy and
confidentiality
▪ respect for persons
* respecting the decisions of autonomous persons and protecting persons
who lack decision-making capacity
* obligation to treat persons with respect by maintaining confidences and
keeping promises.
▪ Beneficence
* imposes a positive obligation to act in the best interests of patients
▪ Justice
* requires that people be treated fairly
19
Q
- respecting the decisions of autonomous persons and protecting persons
who lack decision-making capacity - obligation to treat persons with respect by maintaining confidences and
keeping promises.
A
respect for persons
20
Q
imposes a positive obligation to act in the best interests of patients
A
Beneficence
21
Q
requires that people be treated fairly
A
Justice
22
Q
PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACHES OF
NURSES
A
▪ Planning health care for person with HIV/AIDS must involve the multidisciplinary
team.
▪ Interventions include case management, medications, risk reduction, support
groups, crisis intervention, encouragement of productive activity, enhancement of
self-esteem, grief counselling, support during terminal stages, and support of
significant others.
▪ The psychiatric interventions for patients with HIV/AIDS are as follows:
23
Q
▪ The psychiatric interventions for patients with HIV/AIDS are as follows:
A
- Helping the patients changes risky behavior, thus promoting prevention of HIV infection.
- Helping patients during the difficult process of HIV testing (pre- and post-test counselling).
- Helping to establish the diagnosis and treatment of other psychiatric illnesses commonly seen
in patients with HIV. - Implementing psychosocial interventions like psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy,
counselling, etc. - Helping patients, their families, and others in their lives with interpersonal problems related to
HIV/AIDS. - Assisting AIDS patients during the final phase of their illness.
24
Q
ROLE OF THE NURSE IN PROTECTING aids PATIENTS
A
- Nurse as advocate—change agent
- Nurse as counsellor, communicator
- Active implementer responsible and accountable nurse
- Nurse as a comforter
- Veracity, fidelity towards HIV patients
25
a central part of the decision-making
process in any health care system.
Resource allocation
26
changing the structure of health care system in order to
achieve cost containment.
Allocation of Scarce Health Resources
27
This makes it challenging to meet the medical needs of all
o increased life expectancy and limited health budgets
o continuous physical shortages of resources like donor organs
Allocation of Scarce Health Resources
28
* An attempt to answers to concerns about high cost and complaints about
the quality of care are explained by the conditions under which
administrative and care decisions are made on a day-to-day basis.
changing the structure of health care system in order to
achieve cost containment.(Allocation of Scarce Health Resources)
29
This makes it challenging to meet the medical needs of all
o increased life expectancy and limited health budgets
o continuous physical shortages of resources like donor organs
30
▪ Resources have always been finite, thus the ethical issues raised
▪relate to ethical issues of individual rights and community benefits.
Allocation of Scarce Health Resources
31
Allocation of Scarce Health Resources
▪ Resources have always been finite, thus the ethical issues raised
▪relate to ethical issues of individual rights and community benefits.
32
Allocation of Scarce Health Resources:
issues being faced
▪Increased spending on health care
▪ Health care administrators gear towards profitability
▪Evaluation for the fairness of allocation for scarce medical
resources
33
An issue of Allocation of Scarce Health Resources:
* Health status have not always improved
* Quality of care issues
▪Increased spending on health care
34
An issue of Allocation of Scarce Health Resources:
When resources are limited (financial, technical and knowledge
resources) equitable and appropriate distribution is necessary.
Health care administrators gear towards profitability
35
An issue of Allocation of Scarce Health Resources:
On how people (general practitioners, medical students and
other health professionals) prioritize these resources
▪Evaluation for the fairness of allocation for scarce medical
resources
36
Allocation of Scarce Health Resources: principles
relevant for decision-making
▪ AUTONOMY
▪ BENEFICENCE
▪ Justice
37
A principle relevant for decision-making defined as consideration for privacy, individual liberty, and
freedom of choice is usually focused on the individual. For
managers, and in public health, the right of privacy, and freedom
are recognized as long as they do not result in harm to others
▪ AUTONOMY
38
A principle relevant for decision-making defined as the overall goal of policy and practice. Usually
interpreted broadly in light of societal, population, or
organizational needs. This is profoundly different than the usual
concerns of providers who focus on the more narrow term of
rights of the individual
BENEFICENCE
39
A principle relevant for decision-making defined as equity in benefits is the core of public health. concern is focused on equity among defined social groups.
- ideally requires health care organizations and health plans to provide to
individual recipients the care and services that each is due.
Justice
40
Define Autonomy as a principle relevant for decision making
consideration for privacy, individual liberty, and
freedom of choice is usually focused on the individual. For
managers, and in public health, the right of privacy, and freedom
are recognized as long as they do not result in harm to others
41
Define Beneficence as a principle relevant for decision making
is the overall goal of policy and practice. Usually
interpreted broadly in light of societal, population, or
organizational needs. This is profoundly different than the usual
concerns of providers who focus on the more narrow term of
rights of the individual.
42
Define Justice as a principle relevant for decision making
equity in benefits is the core of public health. concern is focused
on equity among defined social groups.
- ideally requires health care organizations and health plans to provide to
individual recipients the care and services that each is due.
43
▪information identifiable to any person, including, but not
limited to, information that relates to a person’s name, health,
finances, education, business, use or receipt of governmental
services or other activities, addresses, telephone numbers,
social security numbers, driver license numbers, other
identifying numbers, and any financial identifiers.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
44
Define Personal information
▪information identifiable to any person, including, but not
limited to, information that relates to a person’s name, health,
finances, education, business, use or receipt of governmental
services or other activities, addresses, telephone numbers,
social security numbers, driver license numbers, other
identifying numbers, and any financial identifiers.
45
What is PERSONAL INFORMATION management?
▪ Refers to both the practice and the study of the activities a
person performs in order to acquire or create, store,
organize, maintain, retrieve, use, and distribute the
information needed to complete tasks and fulfill various roles
and responsibilities.
46
▪ Refers to both the practice and the study of the activities a
person performs in order to acquire or create, store,
organize, maintain, retrieve, use, and distribute the
information needed to complete tasks and fulfill various roles
and responsibilities.
PERSONAL INFORMATION management
47
As technology has developed, it has greatly increased the
potential for reliability, speed, efficiency, and usability of
medical records. However, this also increased the ability for
information to be misused, sold, and accessed without an
individual’s consent.
PERSONAL INFORMATION management issues
48
Define PERSONAL INFORMATION management issues
▪As technology has developed, it has greatly increased the
potential for reliability, speed, efficiency, and usability of
medical records. However, this also increased the ability for
information to be misused, sold, and accessed without an
individual’s consent.
49
Principles related to PERSONAL INFORMATION
▪Stated in the nurses’ code of ethics.
* Autonomy includes the patient’s right to maintain control over
his life; this extends to the right to maintain control over personal
information (the right to privacy & confidentiality)
* Fidelity refers to one’s faithfulness to agreements that one has
accepted
50
includes the patient’s right to maintain control over
his life; this extends to the right to maintain control over personal
information (the right to privacy & confidentiality
Autonomy
51
refers to one’s faithfulness to agreements that one has
accepted
Fidelity
52
* the capacity to observe and make sense or meaning is central to
one’s ability to make ethical choices and to take moral action
MORAL DISCERNMENT
53
Define Moral Discernment
* the capacity to observe and make sense or meaning is central to
one’s ability to make ethical choices and to take moral action
54
how are Principles necessary for moral discernment
* Helps in interpreting important aspects of moral situations
* Points towards fulfilling ones duties (like keep secrets, tell the
truth)
55
Principle of moral discernment
▪ MORAL DISCERNMENT
▪Principles are necessary for moral discernment
56
▪Principles are absolute and do not allow any legitimate
exceptions, the only morally good act is to obey and refrain
the forbidden action.
Using Principles for moral discernment
57
▪ There are other principles that are generally applicable, but
not always so.
o Principle of autonomy (confidentiality) but may be breeched
(nonmaleficence) due to the demands of justice
58
Using Principles for moral discernment
The proper use of limited principles requires an openness to the spirit as a source of empowerment
to distinguish subtle differences among otherwise
similar circumstances.
59
The proper use of limited principles requires an openness to the spirit as a source of empowerment
to distinguish subtle differences among otherwise
similar circumstances.
Using Principles for moral discernment
60
The proper use of limited principles requires an _______ to the spirit as a source of empowerment
to distinguish ______ among otherwise
__________.
openness; subtle differences; similar circumstances
61
* If we tell the ______, we may not be saving someone from being
______; or if we save someone from _______, then we do not tell
______.
truth; harmed; harm; the truth
62
Using Principles for decision-making
▪Using principles to help in decision-making & avoiding errors and
counter the pull of subjectivism & relying on emotions alone.
▪ Principles are not the center of moral discernment
* Principles need to be interpreted and the situations to which
they must be applied.
o One sense of values and virtues affect the way one interpret
what is going on
* Influence what will be judged to be the right thing to do.
63
Principles are not the center of moral discernment. true or false?
Korique
64
* Principles need to be ______ and the ________ to which
they must be applied.
interpreted; situations
65
* Principles need to be ______ and the ________ to which
they must be applied.
interpreted; situations
66
One sense of _____ and _______ affect the way one interpret
what is going on
* Influence what will be judged to be the right thing to do.
values; virtues
67
Discernment process
A. Observe
B. Deliberate
C. Act
68
1. Identify the problem
2. Acknowledge feelings
3. Gather the facts
Observe
69
* Name the problem clearly
* Ask “where is the conflict?”
1. Identify the problem
70
* “gut”reactions? Biases? Loyalties?
Acknowledge feelings
71
* Issues to consider
a. Clinical factors (diagnosis, prognosis, certainty?)
b. Psycho-social factors (history, family situation?)
Gather the facts
72
4. Consider alternatives
5. Examine Values
6. Evaluate Alternatives
DELIBERATE
73
* Issues to consider
a. What are the alternative courses of action? All options should be seriously
considered before eliminating any.
b. What are the likely consequences? e.g. medical, quality of life, relationships,
legal, moral/spiritual
4. Consider alternatives
74
* Issues to consider
a. Preferences of the person receiving care: wishes, values, beliefs?
b. Are others’ values relevant?
c. What beliefs/values of the Christian community are relevant?
d. Which of the values are in conflict? What is the problem? Whose values
conflict? Economics involved?
5. Examine Values
75
* Issues to consider
a. Identify the decision-maker(s)
b. Rank values.
c. Justify ranking. By what principles?
d. Evaluate the consequences of alternatives in terms of
principles.
e. What alternatives are excluded?
6. Evaluate Alternatives
76
7. Articulate the Decision
8. Implement the Plan
Act
77
* Issues to consider
a. Which alternative best reflects the ranking of values?
b. Which alternative best balances more of the values?
c. Have any other alternatives come to light?
7. Articulate the Decision
78
* Issues to consider
a. How best to communicate the decision?
b. Who needs to know it?
c. How best to document the process?
d. Who needs to act?
8. Implement the Plan
79
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF MORAL DISCERNMENT/ JUDGMENT
1. Principle of Formal Cooperation
2. Principle of Material Cooperation
3. Principle of Lesser Evil
4. Principle of Double Effect
80
A principle defined as occurs when someone intentionally helps another person carry outa sinful act.
Principle of Formal Cooperation
81
A principle defined as when a person's actions unintentionally help another person do something wrong.
Principle of Material Cooperation
82
A principle defined as when faced with selecting from two immoral options, the one which is least immoral should be chosen.
Principle of Lesser Evil
83
A principle defined as aims to provide specific guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to perform an
action in pursuit of a good end in full knowledge that the action will also
bring about bad results.
Principle of Double Effect
84
the act by which we apply to our own conduct our knowledge of
good and evil, whether our judgment be correct or incorrect.
Conscience
85
▪indicates that people are obligated to inform themselves
about ethical norms, incorporate that knowledge into their
daily lives, act according to that knowledge, and take
responsibility for those actions.
Principle of well-formed conscience
86
a dilemma in medical decisions:
Who has the knowledge both of the
ethical norms and of the medical facts to make a responsible decision? And
how are these norms and facts to be related to each other? This dilemma
requires a discussion of the problem of developing a well-formed
conscience.
87
Principle of well-formed conscience:
To attain the true goals of human life, all persons are morally
obliged in every free decision involving an ethical question to:
1. Inform themselves as adequately as possible about the relevant
facts and ethical norms.
2. Form a morally certain judgment of conscience on the basis of
this information.
3. Act according to this well-informed conscience.
4. Accept responsibility for their own actions.
88
Developing a well-formed conscience with ______________ demands caution as to the possible harmful side
effects we foresee resulting from our good actions. Since it is not
possible to avoid all harmful side effects and at the same time to
fulfill our obligations to do the good from which they result, we
need a principle to guide us in such dilemmas.
prudent moral discernment
89
WHo developed a model for ethical decision
making incorporating the nursing process and principles of
biomedical ethics?
Crisham (1985)
90
▪ This is a model especially useful in clarifying ethical problems
that result from conflicting obligations.
The MORAL Decision-Making Model
91
The MORAL Decision-Making Model
Massage the dilemma
Outline options
Review criteria and resolve
Affirm position and act
Look back
92
Collect data about the ethical problem and
who should be involved in the decision-making process.
Massage the dilemma
93
Identify alternatives, and analyze the causes and consequences of each.
Outline options
94
Weigh the options against the values of
those involved in the decision. This may be done through a weighting or grid.
Review criteria and resolve
95
Develop the implementation strategy.
Affirm position and act
96
Evaluate the decision making.
Look back
97
The MORAL Decision-Making strategies:
Mumford and colleagues consolidated the list of reasoning
strategies to a set of seven distinct cognitive reasoning
strategies
1. recognizing personal circumstances,
2. anticipating consequences,
3. considering others’ perspectives,
4. seeking help,
5. questioning your own judgment,
6. dealing with emotions, and
7. examining personal values.
98
▪ ethical paradox or moral
dilemma
▪ a problem in the
decision-making process
between two possible
options, neither of which is
absolutely acceptable from
an ethical perspective.
Ethical dilemma
99
extremely complicated challenges that
cannot be easily solved
Ethical dilemma
100
The biggest challenge is that it does not offer an obvious solution that would comply with ethical norms.
Ethical dilemma
101
approaches to solve an ethical dilemma
- REFUTE THE PARADOX (dilemma)
- VALUE THEORY APPROACH
- FIND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
102
The situation must be
carefully analyzed. In some cases, the existence of the
dilemma can be logically refuted.
REFUTE THE PARADOX (dilemma)
103
Choose the alternative that
offers the greater good or the lesser evil.
VALUE THEORY APPROACH:
104
In some cases, the
problem can be reconsidered, and new alternative
solutions may arise.
FIND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
105
During World War II, Nazi doctors
conducted as many as 30 different types
of experiments on Auschwitz
concentration-camp inmates. They
performed these studies without the
consent of the victims, who suffered
indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent
disability, or in many cases death as a
result.
Nuremberg Code
106
When World War II ended in 1945, the
victorious Allied powers enacted the
__________ on November
19th, 1945.
International Military Tribunal
107
The first trial conducted under the Nuremberg
Military Tribunals in 1947 became known as
________, in which 23 physicians from
the German Nazi Party were tried for crimes
against humanity for the atrocious experiments
they carried out on unwilling prisoners of war.
The Doctors’ Trial
108
The first trial conducted under the Nuremberg
Military Tribunals in 1947 became known as
________, in which 23 physicians from
the German Nazi Party were tried for crimes
against humanity for the atrocious experiments
they carried out on unwilling prisoners of war.
109
The verdict also resulted in the
creation of the _________, a
set of ten ethical principles for human
experimentation.
Nuremberg Code
110
aimed to
protect human
subjects from
enduring the kind of
cruelty and
exploitation the
prisoners endured
at concentration
camps.
Nuremberg Code
111
The 10 elements of the
Nuremberg code
1. Voluntary consent is essential
2. The results of any experiment must be for the greater good of
society
3. Human experiments should be based on previous animal
experimentation
4. Experiments should be conducted by avoiding physical/mental
suffering and injury
5. No experiments should be conducted if it is believed to cause
death/disability
6. The risks should never exceed the benefits
7. Adequate facilities should be used to protect subjects
8. Experiments should be conducted only by qualified scientists
9. Subjects should be able to end their participation at any time
10. The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the
experiment when injury, disability, or death is likely to occur
112
▪ This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give
consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of
choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit,
duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion;
▪ and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the
elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an
understanding and enlightened decision
Voluntary consent is essential
113
unprocurable by other
methods or means of study, and not random and
unnecessary in nature.
The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society
114
other problem under study that the anticipated results will
justify the performance of the experiment.
The experiment should be so designed and based on
the results of animal experimentation and a
knowledge of the natural history of the disease
115
to avoid all
unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.
The experiment should be so conducted
116
perhaps,
in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as
subjects.
No experiment should be conducted where there is a priori reason
to believe that death or disabling injury will occur
117
determined
by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the
experiment.
The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed
118
protect the experimental subject against even remote
possibilities of injury, disability, or death.
Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities
provided
119
The highest degree of skill and care should be required through
all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the
experiment
The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified
persons.
120
if he has reached the physical or
mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be
impossible.
The course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty
to bring the experiment to an end
121
if he has probable
cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill, and
careful judgment required of him, that a continuation of the experiment is
likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.
The course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be
prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage
122
is a formal statement developed by the World Medical
Association that provides ethical guidelines that physicians
and other medical research participants should adhere to
when conducting research that uses human subjects.
Declaration of Helsinki
123
heavily influenced by the Nuremberg Code.
Declaration of Helsinki
124
In 1948 the WMA’s Declaration of Geneva issued documents:
1. Outline of every physician’s ethical duties (which included
pledges to focus on the health of the patient) and,
2. Not to use medical knowledge to violate human rights.
125
The Declaration of Helsinki must take into consideration the _________ and _______of
the country or countries in which the research is to be
performed as well as applicable international norms and
standards.
laws; regulations
126
Development of Declaration of Helsinki
▪It must take into consideration the laws and regulations of
the country or countries in which the research is to be
performed as well as applicable international norms and
standards.
▪ The researcher must provide monitoring information to
the committee, especially information about any serious
adverse events.
▪No amendment to the protocol may be made without
consideration and approval by the committee.
▪After the end of the study, the researchers must submit a
final report to the committee containing a summary of the
study’s findings and conclusions.
127
Declaration of Helsinki - Ethico-principle and
Legalities
Privacy and Confidentiality
Informed Consent
128
Declaration of Helsinki - Ethico-principle and
Legalities
Privacy and Confidentiality
Informed Consent
129
▪ Every precaution must be taken to
protect the privacy of research
subjects and the confidentiality of
their personal information.
Privacy and Confidentiality
130
▪ Participation by individuals capable of
giving informed consent as subjects in
medical research must be voluntary.
▪ no individual capable of giving
informed consent may be enrolled in a
research study unless he or she freely
agrees.
▪ each potential subject must be
adequately informed of the aims,
methods, sources of funding, any
possible conflicts of interest,
institutional affiliations of the
researcher, the anticipated benefits
and potential risks of the study.
Informed Consent
131
a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that provide an
analytical framework to guide the resolution of ethical problems that
arise from research with human subjects
▪ created by the National Commission for the Protection of Human
Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
Belmont report
132
● one of the leading works concerning
ethics and health care research. Its
primary purpose is to protect subjects
and participants in clinical trials or
research studies.
● This report consists of 3 principles:
beneficence, justice, and respect for
person
Belmont report
133
Advancement in technology does not
elicit ethical or moral issues, but it is what raises the issue?
the
use of technological inventions that
raises these issues.
134
A digital app store designed to help you
read your genome.
Helix and DNA Tests
135
is an online platform hosting deals
and packages for DNA tests, essentially
trivializing your genetic material into
something of a party game, or
conversation starter.
Helix
136
Who are the first robot
priest and monk
BlessU-2 and Pepper
137
able to perform blessings in various
languages, challenging the traditions of
the traditional church with a human
priest.
. The Robot Priest
138
Optimizing retail experiences by
assessing your reactions.
Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition
139
For medical use, it applies to dispense
medication based on facial scan
(biometric scanning).
Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition
140
Latest tech boasts of diagnostic
capabilities of Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition
monitor BP or pain levels.
141
Issues of Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition
* Surveillance concerns- democratic freedom, Data storage- privacy, Finding missing people (DeepFace) – (tagged in
someone’s selfie) breaches the
right to a private life, medical
concerns- experiencing other
symptoms that indicate a
differential diagnosis, or is even
forced to acquire medication by
someone else, diagnostic
capabilities can be misused
142
It allows
hackers to seize control of your
computer or device and lock you out,
while threatening to steal or delete your
important file
Ransomware
143
It is like a virus
Ransomware
144
seizes victim’s information, shut
down businesses and public
utilities including hospitals
Ransomware
145
When was the Hollywood
Presbyterian Medical Center
threatened to pay up or risk a
shutdown of its lifesaving
equipment?
Feb. 5, 2016
146
A new tool in the battle against texting
and driving that tells cops if you were on
your phone before an accident.
The Textalyzer
147
It plugs into the driver’s cell phone and
retrieves a history of what they’ve been up to. it includes exactly what apps you
were using at exactly what time
The Textalyzer
148
A deliberate violation of an individual’s
autonomy
The Textalyzer
149
using algorithms to find patterns in
employment data and the results of
games and tests to determine the best
candidates to fill their positions.
. AI or “DEEP LEARNING”
150
It employs neurological games or
emotion-sensing facial recognition as
part of their assessments
. AI or “DEEP LEARNING”
151
Technology is not sophisticated enough
to be reliable or ethical
. AI or “DEEP LEARNING”
152
There are already Americans being
sentenced with the help of a mysterious
algorithm.
SENTENCING SOFTWARE
153
is a program sold by
Northpointe, Inc. and marketed as a
means to guide courts in their
sentencing
COMPAS
154
lack ethical editorial practices such as
peer review and have such low
publishing standards that they’ll publish
just about anything for a price.
. PREDATORY JOURNALS
155
pose a danger to the integrity and
reliability of published research and
damage the legitimacy of publishing
. PREDATORY JOURNALS
156
“skin tech
THE PSEUDOSCIENCE OF SKINCARE
157
Examples of beauty devices that deliver a
microcurrent to your skin are just some
of the at-home skin tech that people are
investing
* LED masks,
* electronic face scrubbers and microneedlers
* facial massagers
* smart mirrors
* skincare cameras
* handheld machines
158
● Fueled by concern over both premature
aging and skin diseases and, vanity.
● many of these devices have little or no
reliable scientific evidence to back them
up
THE PSEUDOSCIENCE OF SKINCARE
159
Who developed a software to
compile, store and search medical
records and that both companies had
signed a Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act (HIPAA) agreement, the goal– Ascension was
going to transfer the health records to
the Google Cloud
Google
160
neither doctors nor patients had been
informed of what was happening with
these records
PROJECT NIGHTINGALE
161
secure data can be hacked and
anonymized data can be
de-anonymized. Ascension-one of the
largest private healthcare systems in the
United States, ranking second in the
United States by number of hospitals
PROJECT NIGHTINGALE
162
-one of the
largest private healthcare systems in the
United States, ranking second in the
United States by number of hospital
Ascension
