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BIOETHICS > QUIZ#3 > Flashcards

QUIZ#3 Flashcards

1
Q

a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight
infection and disease.

A

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME

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2
Q

HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can also be spread by contact with infected blood or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding. Without medication, it may take years before HIV weakens your immune system to the point that you have AIDS.

A

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME

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3
Q

Transmission of HIV occurs mainly by exchange of body
fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and
perinatal events.

A

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME

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4
Q

a particular disease which entirely affects the infected person: his/her physical appearance, mental, morale, close
relatives, and all his/her social relations.

A

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME

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5
Q

By damaging your
immune system, _____ interferes with your body’s ability to fight
infection and disease.

A

HIV

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6
Q

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME IS a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the?

A

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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7
Q

is a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

A

HIV

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8
Q

How are HIV spread?

A
  • spread by contact with infected blood
  • from mother to child during pregnancy
  • childbirth or breast-feeding.
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9
Q

How are HIV transmitted?

A

exchange of body
fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and
perinatal events.

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10
Q

What does HIV affects in a person?

A
  • his/her physical appearance
  • mental
  • morale
  • close relatives,
  • his/her social relations.
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11
Q

What are instances/scenarios of increased risk of acquiring the HIV infection

A
  • injecting drug users (IDU)
  • male and female sex workers
  • men who have sex with men
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12
Q

How does HIV-aids became a public health issue worldwide?

A

because of its:
* high prevalence
* its pathogenic character
* its mortality
* its morbidity.

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13
Q

Why is aids an issue?

A

▪ Mainly because of the manner in which AIDS is acquired.
▪ severe discrimination is exercised against AIDS patients.

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14
Q

Who are those people usually infected with the HIV virus?

A
  • homosexual
  • bisexual
  • intravenous drug users
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15
Q

PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES AMONG HIV/AIDS PATIENTS

A
  1. Emotional—shock, numbness, disbelief, confusion, uncertainty about present and future, denial, guilt, frequent changes of mood, sadness, and concern about the future.
  2. Behavioral—crying, anger expressed verbally and physically, withdrawal, checking the body for signs of infection/deterioration.
  3. Fear of pain, death, disability, loss of functioning, loss of privacy/confidentiality, desertion, etc.
  4. Loss of future and ambitions, physical attractiveness and potency, sexual relationship, status in community, independence, control over life, and confidence.
  5. Guilt about the behavior that resulted in HIV infection, infecting others, and disrupting the life of others.
  6. Grief over the loss of health.
  7. Isolation due to social stigma.
  8. Resentment at changes in living patterns.
  9. Depression due to absence of a cure, loss of personal control, etc.
  10. Anxiety about prognosis, social, occupational, domestic, and sexual hostility and rejection.
  11. Anger about the helplessness of the situation, unfair fate, others who are infection-free, health care workers, and others who discriminate.
  12. Loss of self-esteem due to rejection, loss of confidence, loss of identity, physical impact of HIV infection, etc.
  13. Obsession due to pre-occupation with health.
  14. Suicidal thoughts and acts.
  15. In some instances, a symptom complex similar to post-traumatic stress disorder is
    common in the first few weeks after notification of HIV positivity.
  16. The person may become extremely anxious and hyper-vigilant about physical symptoms, exhibiting marked dependence on health care providers.
  17. Other responses are—transient or chronic sexual dysfunction and social withdrawal due to fear of infecting others or of social rejection.
  18. Significant others of patients with HIV disease face many stresses associated with the
    patient’s illness. They may experience grief response, financial concerns, and lack of
    social support due to stigma attached to illness.
  19. Many psychiatric syndromes are associated with HIV/AIDS. Depression, anxiety,
    paranoia, mania, irritability, psychosis and substance abuse are common in HIV
    positive persons.
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16
Q

screening issues of HIV

A

A conflict between:
▪ The necessity to protect the population health in general
- Application of the principle of common good
▪ The necessity to protect people as free individuals having rights
- respecting patient’s autonomy (privacy & confidentiality)

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17
Q

Stigmatization Follows the Discrimination of HIV
Patients

A

Discrimination results to hesitation to give care, and gossiping about patient’s extra marital relationship, create a kind of guilty
feeling, grief, depression, fear, anger, suicidal thought, and act of
self isolation and loss of self-esteem in the patient.
▪ Respect AIDS patients rights to:
- mingled with society, be respected by family, society, get
informed and oriented, privacy, get diagnosis tested and further
treatment, earn his/her own living, get education, get back the
job after treatment, get equal societal treatment,

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18
Q

Ethical Responsibilities of nurses aiding HIV-Aids infected patients

A

▪ respect the dignity of their patients by observing privacy and
confidentiality
▪ respect for persons
* respecting the decisions of autonomous persons and protecting persons
who lack decision-making capacity
* obligation to treat persons with respect by maintaining confidences and
keeping promises.
▪ Beneficence
* imposes a positive obligation to act in the best interests of patients
▪ Justice
* requires that people be treated fairly

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19
Q
  • respecting the decisions of autonomous persons and protecting persons
    who lack decision-making capacity
  • obligation to treat persons with respect by maintaining confidences and
    keeping promises.
A

respect for persons

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20
Q

imposes a positive obligation to act in the best interests of patients

A

Beneficence

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21
Q

requires that people be treated fairly

A

Justice

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22
Q

PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACHES OF
NURSES

A

▪ Planning health care for person with HIV/AIDS must involve the multidisciplinary
team.
▪ Interventions include case management, medications, risk reduction, support
groups, crisis intervention, encouragement of productive activity, enhancement of
self-esteem, grief counselling, support during terminal stages, and support of
significant others.
▪ The psychiatric interventions for patients with HIV/AIDS are as follows:

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23
Q

▪ The psychiatric interventions for patients with HIV/AIDS are as follows:

A
  • Helping the patients changes risky behavior, thus promoting prevention of HIV infection.
  • Helping patients during the difficult process of HIV testing (pre- and post-test counselling).
  • Helping to establish the diagnosis and treatment of other psychiatric illnesses commonly seen
    in patients with HIV.
  • Implementing psychosocial interventions like psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy,
    counselling, etc.
  • Helping patients, their families, and others in their lives with interpersonal problems related to
    HIV/AIDS.
  • Assisting AIDS patients during the final phase of their illness.
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24
Q

ROLE OF THE NURSE IN PROTECTING aids PATIENTS

A
  1. Nurse as advocate—change agent
  2. Nurse as counsellor, communicator
  3. Active implementer responsible and accountable nurse
  4. Nurse as a comforter
  5. Veracity, fidelity towards HIV patients
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25
Q

a central part of the decision-making
process in any health care system.

A

Resource allocation

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26
Q

changing the structure of health care system in order to
achieve cost containment.

A

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources

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27
Q

This makes it challenging to meet the medical needs of all
o increased life expectancy and limited health budgets
o continuous physical shortages of resources like donor organs

A

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources

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28
Q
  • An attempt to answers to concerns about high cost and complaints about
    the quality of care are explained by the conditions under which
    administrative and care decisions are made on a day-to-day basis.
A

changing the structure of health care system in order to
achieve cost containment.(Allocation of Scarce Health Resources)

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29
Q

This makes it challenging to meet the medical needs of all

A

o increased life expectancy and limited health budgets
o continuous physical shortages of resources like donor organs

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30
Q

▪ Resources have always been finite, thus the ethical issues raised

▪relate to ethical issues of individual rights and community benefits.

A

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources

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31
Q

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources

A

▪ Resources have always been finite, thus the ethical issues raised

▪relate to ethical issues of individual rights and community benefits.

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32
Q

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources:
issues being faced

A

▪Increased spending on health care
▪ Health care administrators gear towards profitability
▪Evaluation for the fairness of allocation for scarce medical
resources

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33
Q

An issue of Allocation of Scarce Health Resources:
* Health status have not always improved
* Quality of care issues

A

▪Increased spending on health care

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34
Q

An issue of Allocation of Scarce Health Resources:
When resources are limited (financial, technical and knowledge
resources) equitable and appropriate distribution is necessary.

A

Health care administrators gear towards profitability

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35
Q

An issue of Allocation of Scarce Health Resources:
On how people (general practitioners, medical students and
other health professionals) prioritize these resources

A

▪Evaluation for the fairness of allocation for scarce medical
resources

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36
Q

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources: principles
relevant for decision-making

A

▪ AUTONOMY
▪ BENEFICENCE
▪ Justice

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37
Q

A principle relevant for decision-making defined as consideration for privacy, individual liberty, and
freedom of choice is usually focused on the individual. For
managers, and in public health, the right of privacy, and freedom
are recognized as long as they do not result in harm to others

A

▪ AUTONOMY

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38
Q

A principle relevant for decision-making defined as the overall goal of policy and practice. Usually
interpreted broadly in light of societal, population, or
organizational needs. This is profoundly different than the usual
concerns of providers who focus on the more narrow term of
rights of the individual

A

BENEFICENCE

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39
Q

A principle relevant for decision-making defined as equity in benefits is the core of public health. concern is focused on equity among defined social groups.
- ideally requires health care organizations and health plans to provide to
individual recipients the care and services that each is due.

A

Justice

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40
Q

Define Autonomy as a principle relevant for decision making

A

consideration for privacy, individual liberty, and
freedom of choice is usually focused on the individual. For
managers, and in public health, the right of privacy, and freedom
are recognized as long as they do not result in harm to others

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41
Q

Define Beneficence as a principle relevant for decision making

A

is the overall goal of policy and practice. Usually
interpreted broadly in light of societal, population, or
organizational needs. This is profoundly different than the usual
concerns of providers who focus on the more narrow term of
rights of the individual.

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42
Q

Define Justice as a principle relevant for decision making

A

equity in benefits is the core of public health. concern is focused
on equity among defined social groups.
- ideally requires health care organizations and health plans to provide to
individual recipients the care and services that each is due.

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43
Q

▪information identifiable to any person, including, but not
limited to, information that relates to a person’s name, health,
finances, education, business, use or receipt of governmental
services or other activities, addresses, telephone numbers,
social security numbers, driver license numbers, other
identifying numbers, and any financial identifiers.

A

PERSONAL INFORMATION

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44
Q

Define Personal information

A

▪information identifiable to any person, including, but not
limited to, information that relates to a person’s name, health,
finances, education, business, use or receipt of governmental
services or other activities, addresses, telephone numbers,
social security numbers, driver license numbers, other
identifying numbers, and any financial identifiers.

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45
Q

What is PERSONAL INFORMATION management?

A

▪ Refers to both the practice and the study of the activities a
person performs in order to acquire or create, store,
organize, maintain, retrieve, use, and distribute the
information needed to complete tasks and fulfill various roles
and responsibilities.

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46
Q

▪ Refers to both the practice and the study of the activities a
person performs in order to acquire or create, store,
organize, maintain, retrieve, use, and distribute the
information needed to complete tasks and fulfill various roles
and responsibilities.

A

PERSONAL INFORMATION management

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47
Q

As technology has developed, it has greatly increased the
potential for reliability, speed, efficiency, and usability of
medical records. However, this also increased the ability for
information to be misused, sold, and accessed without an
individual’s consent.

A

PERSONAL INFORMATION management issues

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48
Q

Define PERSONAL INFORMATION management issues

A

▪As technology has developed, it has greatly increased the
potential for reliability, speed, efficiency, and usability of
medical records. However, this also increased the ability for
information to be misused, sold, and accessed without an
individual’s consent.

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49
Q

Principles related to PERSONAL INFORMATION

A

▪Stated in the nurses’ code of ethics.
* Autonomy includes the patient’s right to maintain control over
his life; this extends to the right to maintain control over personal
information (the right to privacy & confidentiality)
* Fidelity refers to one’s faithfulness to agreements that one has
accepted

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50
Q

includes the patient’s right to maintain control over
his life; this extends to the right to maintain control over personal
information (the right to privacy & confidentiality

A

Autonomy

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51
Q

refers to one’s faithfulness to agreements that one has
accepted

A

Fidelity

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52
Q
  • the capacity to observe and make sense or meaning is central to
    one’s ability to make ethical choices and to take moral action
A

MORAL DISCERNMENT

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53
Q

Define Moral Discernment

A
  • the capacity to observe and make sense or meaning is central to
    one’s ability to make ethical choices and to take moral action
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54
Q

how are Principles necessary for moral discernment

A
  • Helps in interpreting important aspects of moral situations
  • Points towards fulfilling ones duties (like keep secrets, tell the
    truth)
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55
Q

Principle of moral discernment

A

▪ MORAL DISCERNMENT
▪Principles are necessary for moral discernment

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56
Q

▪Principles are absolute and do not allow any legitimate
exceptions, the only morally good act is to obey and refrain
the forbidden action.

A

Using Principles for moral discernment

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57
Q

▪ There are other principles that are generally applicable, but
not always so.

A

o Principle of autonomy (confidentiality) but may be breeched
(nonmaleficence) due to the demands of justice

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58
Q

Using Principles for moral discernment

A

The proper use of limited principles requires an openness to the spirit as a source of empowerment
to distinguish subtle differences among otherwise
similar circumstances.

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59
Q

The proper use of limited principles requires an openness to the spirit as a source of empowerment
to distinguish subtle differences among otherwise
similar circumstances.

A

Using Principles for moral discernment

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60
Q

The proper use of limited principles requires an _______ to the spirit as a source of empowerment
to distinguish ______ among otherwise
__________.

A

openness; subtle differences; similar circumstances

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61
Q
  • If we tell the ______, we may not be saving someone from being
    ______; or if we save someone from _______, then we do not tell
    ______.
A

truth; harmed; harm; the truth

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62
Q

Using Principles for decision-making

A

▪Using principles to help in decision-making & avoiding errors and
counter the pull of subjectivism & relying on emotions alone.
▪ Principles are not the center of moral discernment
* Principles need to be interpreted and the situations to which
they must be applied.
o One sense of values and virtues affect the way one interpret
what is going on
* Influence what will be judged to be the right thing to do.

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63
Q

Principles are not the center of moral discernment. true or false?

A

Korique

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64
Q
  • Principles need to be ______ and the ________ to which
    they must be applied.
A

interpreted; situations

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65
Q
  • Principles need to be ______ and the ________ to which
    they must be applied.
A

interpreted; situations

66
Q

One sense of _____ and _______ affect the way one interpret
what is going on
* Influence what will be judged to be the right thing to do.

A

values; virtues

67
Q

Discernment process

A

A. Observe
B. Deliberate
C. Act

68
Q
  1. Identify the problem
  2. Acknowledge feelings
  3. Gather the facts
A

Observe

69
Q
  • Name the problem clearly
  • Ask “where is the conflict?”
A
  1. Identify the problem
70
Q
  • “gut”reactions? Biases? Loyalties?
A

Acknowledge feelings

71
Q
  • Issues to consider
    a. Clinical factors (diagnosis, prognosis, certainty?)
    b. Psycho-social factors (history, family situation?)
A

Gather the facts

72
Q
  1. Consider alternatives
  2. Examine Values
  3. Evaluate Alternatives
A

DELIBERATE

73
Q
  • Issues to consider
    a. What are the alternative courses of action? All options should be seriously
    considered before eliminating any.
    b. What are the likely consequences? e.g. medical, quality of life, relationships,
    legal, moral/spiritual
A
  1. Consider alternatives
74
Q
  • Issues to consider
    a. Preferences of the person receiving care: wishes, values, beliefs?
    b. Are others’ values relevant?
    c. What beliefs/values of the Christian community are relevant?
    d. Which of the values are in conflict? What is the problem? Whose values
    conflict? Economics involved?
A
  1. Examine Values
75
Q
  • Issues to consider
    a. Identify the decision-maker(s)
    b. Rank values.
    c. Justify ranking. By what principles?
    d. Evaluate the consequences of alternatives in terms of
    principles.
    e. What alternatives are excluded?
A
  1. Evaluate Alternatives
76
Q
  1. Articulate the Decision
  2. Implement the Plan
A

Act

77
Q
  • Issues to consider
    a. Which alternative best reflects the ranking of values?
    b. Which alternative best balances more of the values?
    c. Have any other alternatives come to light?
A
  1. Articulate the Decision
78
Q
  • Issues to consider
    a. How best to communicate the decision?
    b. Who needs to know it?
    c. How best to document the process?
    d. Who needs to act?
A
  1. Implement the Plan
79
Q

FOUR PRINCIPLES OF MORAL DISCERNMENT/ JUDGMENT

A
  1. Principle of Formal Cooperation
  2. Principle of Material Cooperation
  3. Principle of Lesser Evil
  4. Principle of Double Effect
80
Q

A principle defined as occurs when someone intentionally helps another person carry outa sinful act.

A

Principle of Formal Cooperation

81
Q

A principle defined as when a person’s actions unintentionally help another person do something wrong.

A

Principle of Material Cooperation

82
Q

A principle defined as when faced with selecting from two immoral options, the one which is least immoral should be chosen.

A

Principle of Lesser Evil

83
Q

A principle defined as aims to provide specific guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to perform an
action in pursuit of a good end in full knowledge that the action will also
bring about bad results.

A

Principle of Double Effect

84
Q

the act by which we apply to our own conduct our knowledge of
good and evil, whether our judgment be correct or incorrect.

A

Conscience

85
Q

▪indicates that people are obligated to inform themselves
about ethical norms, incorporate that knowledge into their
daily lives, act according to that knowledge, and take
responsibility for those actions.

A

Principle of well-formed conscience

86
Q

a dilemma in medical decisions:

A

Who has the knowledge both of the
ethical norms and of the medical facts to make a responsible decision? And
how are these norms and facts to be related to each other? This dilemma
requires a discussion of the problem of developing a well-formed
conscience.

87
Q

Principle of well-formed conscience:
To attain the true goals of human life, all persons are morally
obliged in every free decision involving an ethical question to:

A
  1. Inform themselves as adequately as possible about the relevant
    facts and ethical norms.
  2. Form a morally certain judgment of conscience on the basis of
    this information.
  3. Act according to this well-informed conscience.
  4. Accept responsibility for their own actions.
88
Q

Developing a well-formed conscience with ______________ demands caution as to the possible harmful side
effects we foresee resulting from our good actions. Since it is not
possible to avoid all harmful side effects and at the same time to
fulfill our obligations to do the good from which they result, we
need a principle to guide us in such dilemmas.

A

prudent moral discernment

89
Q

WHo developed a model for ethical decision
making incorporating the nursing process and principles of
biomedical ethics?

A

Crisham (1985)

90
Q

▪ This is a model especially useful in clarifying ethical problems
that result from conflicting obligations.

A

The MORAL Decision-Making Model

91
Q

The MORAL Decision-Making Model

A

Massage the dilemma
Outline options
Review criteria and resolve
Affirm position and act
Look back

92
Q

Collect data about the ethical problem and
who should be involved in the decision-making process.

A

Massage the dilemma

93
Q

Identify alternatives, and analyze the causes and consequences of each.

A

Outline options

94
Q

Weigh the options against the values of
those involved in the decision. This may be done through a weighting or grid.

A

Review criteria and resolve

95
Q

Develop the implementation strategy.

A

Affirm position and act

96
Q

Evaluate the decision making.

A

Look back

97
Q

The MORAL Decision-Making strategies:
Mumford and colleagues consolidated the list of reasoning
strategies to a set of seven distinct cognitive reasoning
strategies

A
  1. recognizing personal circumstances,
  2. anticipating consequences,
  3. considering others’ perspectives,
  4. seeking help,
  5. questioning your own judgment,
  6. dealing with emotions, and
  7. examining personal values.
98
Q

▪ ethical paradox or moral
dilemma
▪ a problem in the
decision-making process
between two possible
options, neither of which is
absolutely acceptable from
an ethical perspective.

A

Ethical dilemma

99
Q

extremely complicated challenges that
cannot be easily solved

A

Ethical dilemma

100
Q

The biggest challenge is that it does not offer an obvious solution that would comply with ethical norms.

A

Ethical dilemma

101
Q

approaches to solve an ethical dilemma

A
  • REFUTE THE PARADOX (dilemma)
  • VALUE THEORY APPROACH
  • FIND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
102
Q

The situation must be
carefully analyzed. In some cases, the existence of the
dilemma can be logically refuted.

A

REFUTE THE PARADOX (dilemma)

103
Q

Choose the alternative that
offers the greater good or the lesser evil.

A

VALUE THEORY APPROACH:

104
Q

In some cases, the
problem can be reconsidered, and new alternative
solutions may arise.

A

FIND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

105
Q

During World War II, Nazi doctors
conducted as many as 30 different types
of experiments on Auschwitz
concentration-camp inmates. They
performed these studies without the
consent of the victims, who suffered
indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent
disability, or in many cases death as a
result.

A

Nuremberg Code

106
Q

When World War II ended in 1945, the
victorious Allied powers enacted the
__________ on November
19th, 1945.

A

International Military Tribunal

107
Q

The first trial conducted under the Nuremberg
Military Tribunals in 1947 became known as
________, in which 23 physicians from
the German Nazi Party were tried for crimes
against humanity for the atrocious experiments
they carried out on unwilling prisoners of war.

A

The Doctors’ Trial

108
Q

The first trial conducted under the Nuremberg
Military Tribunals in 1947 became known as
________, in which 23 physicians from
the German Nazi Party were tried for crimes
against humanity for the atrocious experiments
they carried out on unwilling prisoners of war.

A
109
Q

The verdict also resulted in the
creation of the _________, a
set of ten ethical principles for human
experimentation.

A

Nuremberg Code

110
Q

aimed to
protect human
subjects from
enduring the kind of
cruelty and
exploitation the
prisoners endured
at concentration
camps.

A

Nuremberg Code

111
Q

The 10 elements of the
Nuremberg code

A
  1. Voluntary consent is essential
  2. The results of any experiment must be for the greater good of
    society
  3. Human experiments should be based on previous animal
    experimentation
  4. Experiments should be conducted by avoiding physical/mental
    suffering and injury
  5. No experiments should be conducted if it is believed to cause
    death/disability
  6. The risks should never exceed the benefits
  7. Adequate facilities should be used to protect subjects
  8. Experiments should be conducted only by qualified scientists
  9. Subjects should be able to end their participation at any time
  10. The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the
    experiment when injury, disability, or death is likely to occur
112
Q

▪ This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give
consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of
choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit,
duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion;
▪ and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the
elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an
understanding and enlightened decision

A

Voluntary consent is essential

113
Q

unprocurable by other
methods or means of study, and not random and
unnecessary in nature.

A

The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society

114
Q

other problem under study that the anticipated results will
justify the performance of the experiment.

A

The experiment should be so designed and based on
the results of animal experimentation and a
knowledge of the natural history of the disease

115
Q

to avoid all
unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.

A

The experiment should be so conducted

116
Q

perhaps,
in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as
subjects.

A

No experiment should be conducted where there is a priori reason
to believe that death or disabling injury will occur

117
Q

determined
by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the
experiment.

A

The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed

118
Q

protect the experimental subject against even remote
possibilities of injury, disability, or death.

A

Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities
provided

119
Q

The highest degree of skill and care should be required through
all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the
experiment

A

The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified
persons.

120
Q

if he has reached the physical or
mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be
impossible.

A

The course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty
to bring the experiment to an end

121
Q

if he has probable
cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill, and
careful judgment required of him, that a continuation of the experiment is
likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.

A

The course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be
prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage

122
Q

is a formal statement developed by the World Medical
Association that provides ethical guidelines that physicians
and other medical research participants should adhere to
when conducting research that uses human subjects.

A

Declaration of Helsinki

123
Q

heavily influenced by the Nuremberg Code.

A

Declaration of Helsinki

124
Q

In 1948 the WMA’s Declaration of Geneva issued documents:

A
  1. Outline of every physician’s ethical duties (which included
    pledges to focus on the health of the patient) and,
  2. Not to use medical knowledge to violate human rights.
125
Q

The Declaration of Helsinki must take into consideration the _________ and _______of
the country or countries in which the research is to be
performed as well as applicable international norms and
standards.

A

laws; regulations

126
Q

Development of Declaration of Helsinki

A

▪It must take into consideration the laws and regulations of
the country or countries in which the research is to be
performed as well as applicable international norms and
standards.
▪ The researcher must provide monitoring information to
the committee, especially information about any serious
adverse events.
▪No amendment to the protocol may be made without
consideration and approval by the committee.
▪After the end of the study, the researchers must submit a
final report to the committee containing a summary of the
study’s findings and conclusions.

127
Q

Declaration of Helsinki - Ethico-principle and
Legalities

A

Privacy and Confidentiality
Informed Consent

128
Q

Declaration of Helsinki - Ethico-principle and
Legalities

A

Privacy and Confidentiality
Informed Consent

129
Q

▪ Every precaution must be taken to
protect the privacy of research
subjects and the confidentiality of
their personal information.

A

Privacy and Confidentiality

130
Q

▪ Participation by individuals capable of
giving informed consent as subjects in
medical research must be voluntary.
▪ no individual capable of giving
informed consent may be enrolled in a
research study unless he or she freely
agrees.
▪ each potential subject must be
adequately informed of the aims,
methods, sources of funding, any
possible conflicts of interest,
institutional affiliations of the
researcher, the anticipated benefits
and potential risks of the study.

A

Informed Consent

131
Q

a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that provide an
analytical framework to guide the resolution of ethical problems that
arise from research with human subjects
▪ created by the National Commission for the Protection of Human
Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

A

Belmont report

132
Q

● one of the leading works concerning
ethics and health care research. Its
primary purpose is to protect subjects
and participants in clinical trials or
research studies.
● This report consists of 3 principles:
beneficence, justice, and respect for
person

A

Belmont report

133
Q

Advancement in technology does not
elicit ethical or moral issues, but it is what raises the issue?

A

the
use of technological inventions that
raises these issues.

134
Q

A digital app store designed to help you
read your genome.

A

Helix and DNA Tests

135
Q

is an online platform hosting deals
and packages for DNA tests, essentially
trivializing your genetic material into
something of a party game, or
conversation starter.

A

Helix

136
Q

Who are the first robot
priest and monk

A

BlessU-2 and Pepper

137
Q

able to perform blessings in various
languages, challenging the traditions of
the traditional church with a human
priest.

A

. The Robot Priest

138
Q

Optimizing retail experiences by
assessing your reactions.

A

Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition

139
Q

For medical use, it applies to dispense
medication based on facial scan
(biometric scanning).

A

Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition

140
Q

Latest tech boasts of diagnostic
capabilities of Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition

A

monitor BP or pain levels.

141
Q

Issues of Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition

A
  • Surveillance concerns- democratic freedom, Data storage- privacy, Finding missing people (DeepFace) – (tagged in
    someone’s selfie) breaches the
    right to a private life, medical
    concerns- experiencing other
    symptoms that indicate a
    differential diagnosis, or is even
    forced to acquire medication by
    someone else, diagnostic
    capabilities can be misused
142
Q

It allows
hackers to seize control of your
computer or device and lock you out,
while threatening to steal or delete your
important file

A

Ransomware

143
Q

It is like a virus

A

Ransomware

144
Q

seizes victim’s information, shut
down businesses and public
utilities including hospitals

A

Ransomware

145
Q

When was the Hollywood
Presbyterian Medical Center
threatened to pay up or risk a
shutdown of its lifesaving
equipment?

A

Feb. 5, 2016

146
Q

A new tool in the battle against texting
and driving that tells cops if you were on
your phone before an accident.

A

The Textalyzer

147
Q

It plugs into the driver’s cell phone and
retrieves a history of what they’ve been up to. it includes exactly what apps you
were using at exactly what time

A

The Textalyzer

148
Q

A deliberate violation of an individual’s
autonomy

A

The Textalyzer

149
Q

using algorithms to find patterns in
employment data and the results of
games and tests to determine the best
candidates to fill their positions.

A

. AI or “DEEP LEARNING”

150
Q

It employs neurological games or
emotion-sensing facial recognition as
part of their assessments

A

. AI or “DEEP LEARNING”

151
Q

Technology is not sophisticated enough
to be reliable or ethical

A

. AI or “DEEP LEARNING”

152
Q

There are already Americans being
sentenced with the help of a mysterious
algorithm.

A

SENTENCING SOFTWARE

153
Q

is a program sold by
Northpointe, Inc. and marketed as a
means to guide courts in their
sentencing

A

COMPAS

154
Q

lack ethical editorial practices such as
peer review and have such low
publishing standards that they’ll publish
just about anything for a price.

A

. PREDATORY JOURNALS

155
Q

pose a danger to the integrity and
reliability of published research and
damage the legitimacy of publishing

A

. PREDATORY JOURNALS

156
Q

“skin tech

A

THE PSEUDOSCIENCE OF SKINCARE

157
Q

Examples of beauty devices that deliver a
microcurrent to your skin are just some
of the at-home skin tech that people are
investing

A
  • LED masks,
  • electronic face scrubbers and microneedlers
  • facial massagers
  • smart mirrors
  • skincare cameras
  • handheld machines
158
Q

● Fueled by concern over both premature
aging and skin diseases and, vanity.
● many of these devices have little or no
reliable scientific evidence to back them
up

A

THE PSEUDOSCIENCE OF SKINCARE

159
Q

Who developed a software to
compile, store and search medical
records and that both companies had
signed a Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act (HIPAA) agreement, the goal– Ascension was
going to transfer the health records to
the Google Cloud

A

Google

160
Q

neither doctors nor patients had been
informed of what was happening with
these records

A

PROJECT NIGHTINGALE

161
Q

secure data can be hacked and
anonymized data can be
de-anonymized. Ascension-one of the
largest private healthcare systems in the
United States, ranking second in the
United States by number of hospitals

A

PROJECT NIGHTINGALE

162
Q

-one of the
largest private healthcare systems in the
United States, ranking second in the
United States by number of hospital

A

Ascension

BIOETHICS (4 decks)

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