QUIZ #1 Flashcards by Arjay Luke Campo

Issues on Contraception, its Morality,
and Ethico-moral Responsibility of
Nurses

a. Contraception
b. Abortion
c. Artificial Insemination
d. In-vitro Fertilization and Sex
Selection
e. Surrogate Motherhood

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What is Human Sexuality?

The properties that distinguish
organisms on the basis of their
reproductive roles.
A person’s tendency of sexual attraction,
especially whether heterosexual
The constitution of an individual in
relation to sexual attitudes or activity.
This is a broad concept that includes
aspects of the physical, psychological,
social, emotional, and spiritual MAKEUP
of an individual.
It is not limited to the physical or
biological reproductive elements and behavior but encompasses the manner in which individuals use their own roles, relationships, values, customs, and gender.

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Biologically, how is Human sexuality defined?

an aggregate of characteristics that
differentiates between the two types or
parts of the organism which reproduce
by means of the fusion of gametes and
which thus also create a connection of
genetic material from two different
sources.

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Psychologically, how is Human sexuality defined?

sexuality is the behavior directly associated with the meeting of the two genders – and in
some species with copulation – which
can lead to fertilization (Broadhurst 1980)

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What is an individually expressed and highly
personal phenomenon that evolves from
life experiences?

Human Sexuality

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What are factors that influence a person’s sexuality and lead to the wide range of attitudes and behaviors seen in humans?

Physiological, psychosocial, and cultural
factors

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What factors determines human sexuality?

cultural
political
legal
philosophical aspects of life
morality
ethics
theology
spirituality
religion.

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What is a topic of universal concern?

Sexual morality

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In theological (conservative) view:
What are the values of Human Sexuality?

a. physical pleasure;
b. the expression of intimate love;
c. the transmission of life to a
new generation;
d. a paradigm and symbol of more universal
forms of love.

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What is the view of the liberal sexual moralist?

Rejects exclusiveness of sex
- it need not be restrictive
- one can carry on meaningful
love affairs simultaneously with
more than one person
- Disagrees with the assumption
that sex should be connected
with feelings of love and affection

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What is conducive to human happiness, it will be claimed, that such individuals be
permitted to obtain whatever gratification
they can from their sexual desires,
without the burden of moral guilt, as long
as they do not impose their sexuality
involuntarily, hurtfully, or deceitfully upon
others?

The liberal sexual moralist

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What is a legally and socially
sanctioned union, usually between a
man and a woman, that is regulated by
laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and
attitudes that prescribe the rights and
duties of the partners and accords
status to their offspring (if any)?

Marriage

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The universality of marriage within
different societies and cultures is
attributed to the many basic social and
personal functions for which it provides
structure, such as sexual gratification
and regulation, division of labor between
the sexes, economic production and
consumption, and satisfaction of
personal needs for affection, status, and
companionship

Marriage

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is an agreement between two persons
by which they grant each other equal
reciprocal rights, each of them
undertaking to surrender the whole of
their person to the other with a complete
right of disposal over it

Marriage (According to Kant)

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Which philosopher states that Marriage, is an agreement between two persons
by which they grant each other equal
reciprocal rights, each of them
undertaking to surrender the whole of
their person to the other with a complete
right of disposal over it?

Kant

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Types/Forms of Marriages

● Exchange marriage
● Group marriage
● Polygyny
● Polyandry
● Polygamy
● Tree marriage
● Common-law marriage

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A form of marriage involving an
arranged and reciprocal exchange of
spouses between two groups

● Exchange marriage

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A form of marriage where
three or more adults live together,
sharing almost all aspect

● Group marriage

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A form of marriage in which two or more
women share a husband

● Polygyny

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A form of marriage where a woman to two or
more men at the same time

● Polyandry

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A type of marriage where having more than one wife or husband at the same time

● Polygamy

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a form of symbolic marriage
between a human and a tree that is
said to be infused with supernatural
life

● Tree marriage

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A type of marriage where one in which the couple lives
together for a period of time and
holds themselves out to friends,
family and the community as “being
married

● Common-law marriage

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What are the different marriage principles?

CHOOSE
CARE FOR SELF
KNOW
CARE
SHARE
MANAGE
CONNECT

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A marriage principle in which making decisions to create and strengthen healthy relationships - couples making decision in relationship

CHOOSE

A marriage principle - Physical wellness - Mental and emotional well-being - Spiritual wellness

CARE FOR SELF

A marriage principle where personality, passions, plans and priorities, previous partners, perspective talking, problem solving, past family experiences, physical health, parenting experience, provider potential

KNOW

A marriage principle - Cultivating positivity through thoughts and actions - Relationship building

CARE

A marriage principle - Shared trust, friendship and love - Learn together and grow together - Meaningful quality time, creating a couple identity, positive interactions

A marriage principle - Handling relationship differences in healthy ways

MANAGE

A marriage principle - Connections may become a web of support during challenges

CONNECT

Sexual faculties have one true end, what is that?

procreation

Who stated the phrase, "Sex is pleasurable but it is pleasurable in order to fulfil this end."

- St. Aquinas, Natural Law Theory

What is independent of desires, wants, reasons, hopes, fears etc.

Outcome

According to St. Aquinas, Natural Law Theory. What are considered as wrong?

- premarital sex - masturbation - bestiality - contraception - homosexual acts - pornography - adultery

According to St. Aquinas, Natural Law Theory. WHat is sex?

- sex is morally permissible within the context of a heterosexual, lifelong, and monogamous marriage - Any sexual act outside these contexts is morally wrong - When treating others as objects and not treating them as a whole person and hence we are acting immorally

Actions are morally right if and only they maximize the good (holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number)

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism does not rule out an act on the basis of it being a particular act.

- If Utilitarianism is correct we cannot say that any particular sex act is always wrong - Premarital sex, or homosexual sex, or masturbation, or oral sex can be morally acceptable

- Few questions and qualifications that need to be made.

1. sex will typically lead to pleasure that does not mean that Utilitarianism is committed to the claim that the act of having sex is always good. 2. just because sex is typically pleasurable it does not mean Utilitarianism is committed to the claim that we have a duty to have as much sex as possible 3. heterosexual sex within a marriage might be morally wrong if there has been coercion or threats, or just a general unhappiness with perfunctory sex. - where almost any other activity would bring about more happiness. 4. adultery or having multiple sexual partners can be morally acceptable. - the overall happiness is increased if a married couple agree to have sex with other people to keep their own marriage fun and interesting - someone who is generally not interested in, or does not have time for, a long-term relationship is happier with mutually consenting multiple sexual 5. considering various sex acts because of his distinction between higher and lower pleasures. - some pleasures are qualitatively distinct from others and thus outweigh other, lower, pleasures

Who is this philosopher that introduced the definition of Perverted Sex?

Thomas Nagel

What is (sexual activities that violate the single purpose of reproduction) is not necessarily regarded as “morally wrong” - It has everything to do with their ability to foster intersubjective relationships at the psychological level

Perverted sex

Who stated/defined these, Sexual interactions are the result of a complex process in which two people recognize that they each, individually desire the other and that they each, individually are the object of the other’s bodily desire?

Thomas Nagel (Perverted Sex)

For Nagel, perverted sexual encounters or events would be those

in which mutual recognition of arousal is absent

- “Double reciprocal incarnation” would be absent (Perverted Sex)

o Intent or results of the sexual encounter are not important o It did not imply that it is limited to heterosexual contacts

According to Nagel (Perverted Sex), what activities must be regarded as Perversions?

- prostitution - fetishism - pedophilia - necrophilia

uses the idea of function and goal to ground a “conservative” view of sex

The Natural Law Theorist

Kantian also uses the idea of _________ and _______ for a person to ground a conservative view of sex, with a splash of _______ about the unbefitting nature of sexual desire thrown in for good measure.

autonomy; respect; pessimism

Two theories that are less pessimistic and, as with their views on the other issues, more open to see what arises in different situations

Utilitarianism and Virtue Theory

- Same-sex affection Men or women who are attracted to individuals of the same sex

Homosexuality

- Traditionally exclusively referred to women who are attracted to other women

Lesbian

- Individuals who are attracted to both men and women

Bisexual

- sexual, romantic or emotional attraction towards people regardless of their sex or gender identity

Pansexual

- Re-appropriated (in recent years) by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons and others to denote a general self-identification as non-heterosexual or non-cis-gender

Queer

- a condition in which a person, usually heterosexual in orientation, is more comfortable sexually while wearing clothing symbolic of the opposite sex

Transvestism

- strong desire to change one's anatomical gender, either on purpose or due to indistinct anatomy

Transsexualism

Debates about homosexuality, often involve _________ and _______, tend to be sharply polarized

public policy; legal issues

Which theorists argues for gays and lesbians having a reduced legal status, and queer theorists engaged in critique and deconstruction of what they see as a heterosexist regime

NATURAL LAW theorists

Who stated, " While sexual orientations may not be chosen, in many cases, what behaviors people exhibit in response to their orientations are chosen, and such behaviors can be evaluated morally."

D. Moskovitz, 2001

_______ believe that homosexuality should be outlawed and many _______ believe that homosexuals should be given special rights

Conservatives; liberals

WHere is individual rights grounded at?

nature of human beings

The universality of marriage within different societies and cultures is attributed to what?

many basic social and personal functions for which it provides structure

basic social and personal functions for which it provides structure

sexual gratification and regulation, division of labor between the sexes, economic production and consumption, and satisfaction of personal needs for affection, status, and companionship.