QUIZ #1 Flashcards
Issues on Contraception, its Morality,
and Ethico-moral Responsibility of
Nurses
a. Contraception
b. Abortion
c. Artificial Insemination
d. In-vitro Fertilization and Sex
Selection
e. Surrogate Motherhood
What is Human Sexuality?
- The properties that distinguish
organisms on the basis of their
reproductive roles. - A person’s tendency of sexual attraction,
especially whether heterosexual - The constitution of an individual in
relation to sexual attitudes or activity. - This is a broad concept that includes
aspects of the physical, psychological,
social, emotional, and spiritual MAKEUP
of an individual. - It is not limited to the physical or
biological reproductive elements and behavior but encompasses the manner in which individuals use their own roles, relationships, values, customs, and gender.
Biologically, how is Human sexuality defined?
an aggregate of characteristics that
differentiates between the two types or
parts of the organism which reproduce
by means of the fusion of gametes and
which thus also create a connection of
genetic material from two different
sources.
Psychologically, how is Human sexuality defined?
sexuality is the behavior directly associated with the meeting of the two genders – and in
some species with copulation – which
can lead to fertilization (Broadhurst 1980)
What is an individually expressed and highly
personal phenomenon that evolves from
life experiences?
Human Sexuality
What are factors that influence a person’s sexuality and lead to the wide range of attitudes and behaviors seen in humans?
Physiological, psychosocial, and cultural
factors
What factors determines human sexuality?
- cultural
- political
- legal
- philosophical aspects of life
- morality
- ethics
- theology
- spirituality
- religion.
What is a topic of universal concern?
Sexual morality
In theological (conservative) view:
What are the values of Human Sexuality?
a. physical pleasure;
b. the expression of intimate love;
c. the transmission of life to a
new generation;
d. a paradigm and symbol of more universal
forms of love.
What is the view of the liberal sexual moralist?
Rejects exclusiveness of sex
- it need not be restrictive
- one can carry on meaningful
love affairs simultaneously with
more than one person
- Disagrees with the assumption
that sex should be connected
with feelings of love and affection
What is conducive to human happiness, it will be claimed, that such individuals be
permitted to obtain whatever gratification
they can from their sexual desires,
without the burden of moral guilt, as long
as they do not impose their sexuality
involuntarily, hurtfully, or deceitfully upon
others?
The liberal sexual moralist
What is a legally and socially
sanctioned union, usually between a
man and a woman, that is regulated by
laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and
attitudes that prescribe the rights and
duties of the partners and accords
status to their offspring (if any)?
Marriage
The universality of marriage within
different societies and cultures is
attributed to the many basic social and
personal functions for which it provides
structure, such as sexual gratification
and regulation, division of labor between
the sexes, economic production and
consumption, and satisfaction of
personal needs for affection, status, and
companionship
Marriage
is an agreement between two persons
by which they grant each other equal
reciprocal rights, each of them
undertaking to surrender the whole of
their person to the other with a complete
right of disposal over it
Marriage (According to Kant)
Which philosopher states that Marriage, is an agreement between two persons
by which they grant each other equal
reciprocal rights, each of them
undertaking to surrender the whole of
their person to the other with a complete
right of disposal over it?
Kant
Types/Forms of Marriages
● Exchange marriage
● Group marriage
● Polygyny
● Polyandry
● Polygamy
● Tree marriage
● Common-law marriage
A form of marriage involving an
arranged and reciprocal exchange of
spouses between two groups
● Exchange marriage
A form of marriage where
three or more adults live together,
sharing almost all aspect
● Group marriage
A form of marriage in which two or more
women share a husband
● Polygyny
A form of marriage where a woman to two or
more men at the same time
● Polyandry
A type of marriage where having more than one wife or husband at the same time
● Polygamy
- a form of symbolic marriage
between a human and a tree that is
said to be infused with supernatural
life
● Tree marriage
A type of marriage where one in which the couple lives
together for a period of time and
holds themselves out to friends,
family and the community as “being
married
● Common-law marriage
What are the different marriage principles?
CHOOSE
CARE FOR SELF
KNOW
CARE
SHARE
MANAGE
CONNECT
A marriage principle in which making decisions to create and strengthen healthy
relationships
- couples making decision in relationship
CHOOSE
A marriage principle - Physical wellness
- Mental and emotional well-being
- Spiritual wellness
CARE FOR SELF
A marriage principle where personality, passions, plans and priorities,
previous partners, perspective talking,
problem solving, past family experiences, physical health, parenting experience, provider potential
KNOW
A marriage principle
- Cultivating positivity through thoughts and actions
- Relationship building
CARE
A marriage principle
- Shared trust, friendship and love
- Learn together and grow together
- Meaningful quality time, creating a couple
identity, positive interactions
SHARE
A marriage principle
- Handling relationship differences in healthy ways
MANAGE
A marriage principle
- Connections may become a web of support during challenges
CONNECT
Sexual faculties have one true end, what is that?
procreation
Who stated the phrase, “Sex is pleasurable but it is pleasurable in order to fulfil this end.”
- St. Aquinas, Natural Law Theory
What is independent of desires, wants,
reasons, hopes, fears etc.
Outcome
According to St. Aquinas, Natural Law Theory. What are considered as wrong?
- premarital sex
- masturbation
- bestiality
- contraception
- homosexual acts
- pornography
- adultery
According to St. Aquinas, Natural Law Theory. WHat is sex?
- sex is morally permissible within the context of a heterosexual, lifelong, and monogamous marriage
- Any sexual act outside these contexts is morally wrong
- When treating others as objects and not
treating them as a whole person and hence we are acting immorally
Actions are morally right if and only they maximize the good (holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number)
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism does not rule out an act on the basis of it being a particular act.
- If Utilitarianism is correct we cannot say
that any particular sex act is always
wrong - Premarital sex, or homosexual sex, or
masturbation, or oral sex can be morally
acceptable
- Few questions and qualifications that need
to be made.
- sex will typically lead to pleasure that
does not mean that Utilitarianism is
committed to the claim that the act of
having sex is always good. - just because sex is typically pleasurable
it does not mean Utilitarianism is
committed to the claim that we have a
duty to have as much sex as possible - heterosexual sex within a marriage
might be morally wrong if there has
been coercion or
threats, or just a general unhappiness
with perfunctory sex.
- where almost any other activity
would bring about more happiness. - adultery or having multiple sexual
partners can be morally acceptable.
- the overall happiness is increased
if a married couple agree to have sex
with other people to keep their own
marriage fun and interesting
- someone who is generally not
interested in, or does not have time for,
a long-term relationship is happier
with mutually consenting multiple sexual - considering various sex acts because of
his distinction between higher and lower
pleasures.
- some pleasures are qualitatively
distinct from others and thus outweigh
other, lower, pleasures
Who is this philosopher that introduced the definition of Perverted Sex?
Thomas Nagel
What is (sexual activities that violate
the single purpose of reproduction) is not
necessarily regarded as “morally wrong”
- It has everything to do with their ability to
foster intersubjective relationships at the
psychological level
Perverted sex
Who stated/defined these, Sexual interactions are the result of a complex process in which two people recognize that they each, individually desire the other and that they each, individually are the object of the other’s bodily desire?
Thomas Nagel (Perverted Sex)
For Nagel, perverted sexual encounters or
events would be those
in which mutual recognition of arousal is absent
- “Double reciprocal incarnation”
would be absent (Perverted Sex)
o Intent or results of the sexual encounter are not important
o It did not imply that it is
limited to heterosexual contacts
According to Nagel (Perverted Sex), what activities must be regarded as Perversions?
- prostitution
- fetishism
- pedophilia
- necrophilia
uses the idea of function and goal to ground a
“conservative” view of sex
The Natural Law Theorist
Kantian also uses the idea of _________
and _______ for a person to ground a
conservative view of sex, with a splash
of _______ about the unbefitting
nature of sexual desire thrown in for
good measure.
autonomy; respect; pessimism
Two theories that are less
pessimistic and, as with their views on
the other issues, more open to see what
arises in different situations
Utilitarianism and Virtue Theory
- Same-sex affection Men or women who
are attracted to individuals of the same sex
Homosexuality
- Traditionally exclusively referred to
women who are attracted to other women
Lesbian
- Individuals who are attracted to
both men and women
Bisexual
- sexual, romantic or emotional
attraction towards people regardless of their
sex or gender identity
Pansexual
- Re-appropriated (in recent years)
by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) persons and others to
denote a general self-identification as
non-heterosexual or non-cis-gender
Queer
- a condition in which a person,
usually heterosexual in orientation, is more
comfortable sexually while wearing
clothing symbolic of the opposite sex
Transvestism
- strong desire to change one’s
anatomical gender, either on purpose or due
to indistinct anatomy
Transsexualism
Debates about homosexuality, often
involve _________ and _______, tend
to be sharply polarized
public policy; legal issues
Which theorists argues for gays
and lesbians having a reduced legal status,
and queer theorists engaged in critique and
deconstruction of what they see as a
heterosexist regime
NATURAL LAW theorists
Who stated, “ While sexual orientations may not be
chosen, in many cases, what behaviors
people exhibit in response to their
orientations are chosen, and such behaviors
can be evaluated morally.”
D. Moskovitz, 2001
_______ believe that homosexuality
should be outlawed and many _______ believe that homosexuals should be given special rights
Conservatives; liberals
WHere is individual rights grounded at?
nature of human beings
The universality of marriage within
different societies and cultures is
attributed to what?
many basic social and
personal functions for which it provides
structure
basic social and
personal functions for which it provides
structure
sexual gratification
and regulation, division of labor between
the sexes, economic production and
consumption, and satisfaction of
personal needs for affection, status, and
companionship.
