QUIZ #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the other term of Abstinence?

A

Celibacy

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2
Q

Other term for Withdrawal of the penis before Ejaculation?

A

coitus interruptus

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3
Q

Other term for Fertility awareness?

A

Calendar method/rhythm method

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4
Q

Examples of Mechanical barriers?

A
  • vaginal diaphragm
  • vaginal ring
  • cervical cap
  • condom
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5
Q

Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

A

Katung T something, insert sa uterus

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5
Q

Examples of Chemical barriers?

A
  • insertion of spermicidal
    foams
  • creams
  • jellies
  • suppositories into the vagina before intercourse
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6
Q

Hormonal Contraceptives

A
  • oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
  • subdermal implants of synthetic progestin
  • transdermal patches
    -Emergency contraception: hormonal: levonorgestrel pill
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7
Q

Example of Emergency contraception: hormonal

A

levonorgestrel pill

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7
Q

Example of Surgical Sterilization

A

tubal ligation and vasectomy

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8
Q

Types of Contraception

A

● Abstinence
● Withdrawal of the penis before Ejaculation
(coitus interruptus)
● Fertility awareness
● Mechanical barriers
● Chemical barriers
● Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
● Hormonal
● Surgical sterilization

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8
Q

What is the main argument against the use of
contraception is based on?

A

Natural law theory

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9
Q

The main argument against the use of contraception is based on the natural law theory

A
  • Cancer cells, sperm, and ova all have a
    human genetic code, and on the least
    restrictive definition of genetic humanity,
    such cells would have a right to life,
    implying that if abortion is impermissible,
    then so is contraception and
    chemotherapy
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10
Q

● to express respect for autonomy in ways
that are less conflicting with human dignity,
which is preferable to forcing people to act
against their preferences;
● expanding education about contraception,
thereby reducing the situations in which
abortion may be considered and chosen.

A

AUTONOMY vs. HUMAN DIGNITY

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11
Q

to express __________ in ways
that are less conflicting with __________ ,
which is preferable to forcing people to act
against their preferences;

A

respect for autonomy; human dignity

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12
Q

expanding education about contraception,
thereby reducing the situations in which
abortion may be __________ and __________

A

considered; chosen

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13
Q

is that patients possess rights to
contraceptive treatment to reduce
unplanned pregnancy and their resort to
abortion

A

Utilitarian view

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14
Q

emphasize that unless a woman can control
her reproductive capacities, she will not be
able to pursue her personal and
professional interests as well as a man can

A

FEMINISTS’ ETHICS view

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15
Q

An act of “access to family planning devices such as
contraceptives and sterilization”

A

Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012

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16
Q

defined as the premature termination of a
pregnancy resulting in the death of the
embryo or fetus, it is generally understood to refer to the deliberate termination of an
unwanted pregnancy

A

Abortion

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17
Q

◦it is distinguished from miscarriage

A

Abortion

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18
Q

sometimes described as the intentional
termination of a pregnancy

A

Abortion

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19
Q

is the termination of a pregnancy before the
infant can survive outside the uterus

A

Abortion

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20
Q

is the interruption of a pregnancy
before the 20th week of gestation at
the woman’s request for reasons
other than maternal health or fetal
disease

A

Elective Abortion

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21
Q

is the interruption of a pregnancy
before the 20th week of gestation
because it endangers the mother’s
life or health or because the baby
presumably would not be normal

A

Therapeutic Abortion

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22
the expulsion of the products of conception before the 20th week of gestation without deliberate interference
spontaneous abortions/miscarriage
23
refers to the point at which the fetus is able to survive independently of the mother
Viability
24
What is under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines?
● abortion has been banned entirely for over a century ● mandate imprisonment for women who undergo abortion, as well as for any person who assists in the procedure
25
● abortion has been banned entirely for over a century ● mandate imprisonment for women who undergo abortion, as well as for any person who assists in the procedure
Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
26
The debate on abortion focuses on the ____ of the fetus.
moral status
27
This care has been recognized as one of the most basic of ethical responsibilities
valued, loved, and protected their children
28
● the implication that abortion is permissible in some cases but not in others
Judith Jarvis Thomson
29
_________ argues that the right to life does not always outweigh the right to decide what happens in and to one’s own body or, more generally, that the right to life is not a right to whatever one happens to need to go on living.
Judith Jarvis Thomson
30
the fetus only has the right to the use of its mother’s body if the woman has given it that right, and at least in some cases of pregnancy – for example, those that are the result of rape or failed contraception – the woman has not given it that right.
Judith Jarvis Thomson
31
12 reasons why abortions might be considered
● the woman is herself virtually a child ● the woman already has more children than she can manage ● having a child at this time will interfere with a career ● having a child at this time will involve loss of earnings ● the woman is a rape victim ● the woman is a sexually abused eleven-year-old ● the woman has already had three children by Caesarian section ● the woman was deserted by her partner when he learned of the pregnancy ● the woman is severely mentally defective ● the woman is homeless ● the fetus is believed to be defective ● the woman's life or health is seriously threatened
32
The oldest, well established procedure in cases of untreatable male infertility which has been regulated and submitted to standard medical guidelines in most developed countries
Artificial Insemination
33
- When the husband's semen is used - homologous or from the husband
AIh (Artificial Insemination by Husband)
34
- Artificial Insemination by Donor - Donor’s sperm is used
AID (Artificial Insemination by Donor)
35
● Practice of non-anonymous sperm donation is becoming popular because many donor-conceived persons have a desire and interest in finding out about where they came from ● donor sperm should not be used before fertilization attempts with the husband’s sperm have failed following application of micromanipulation methods.
Anonymous & non-anonymous sperm donations
36
donor sperm should not be used before fertilization attempts with the husband’s sperm have failed following application of ___________ methods
micromanipulation
36
Practice of ______________ is becoming popular because many donor-conceived persons have a desire and interest in finding out about where they came from
non-anonymous sperm donation
37
Issues on AID, an attempt to reproduce while simultaneously rendering _______ not an act of _______ but a _______.
reproduction; personal union; technological procedure.
38
artificial insemination ignored not only the _______ of the couple, but the ______ of the child
moral integrity; rights
39
What is fundamental to the well-being of any human person?
person's own sense of identity
40
What issues on the type of artificial insemination, is this part of?: ● an attempt to reproduce while simultaneously rendering reproduction not an act of personal union but a technological procedure. - solutions that violate the most fundamental human relationships. ● artificial insemination ignored not only the moral integrity of the couple, but the rights of the child - Fundamental to the well-being of any human person is the person's own sense of identity
AID (Artificial Insemination by Donor)
41
What issues on the type of artificial insemination, is this part of?: ● theologians have argued for the morality of AIH, since they regard it simply as an assistance of nature ● But since the natural marital act is not performed and hence is not the cause of fertilization, AIH violates the principle of inseparability and has been explicitly rejected by the Church
AIh (Artificial Insemination by Husband)
42
Who argues the morality of AIH, and regard it simply as an assistance of nature?
Theologians
43
What principle does AIH violates?
principle of inseparability
44
But since the natural marital act is not performed and hence is not the cause of fertilization, AIH violates the principle of inseparability and has been explicitly rejected by the Church
AIh (Artificial Insemination by Husband)
45
But since the natural marital act is not performed and hence is not the cause of fertilization, AIH violates the principle of inseparability and has been explicitly rejected by the Church
AIH
46
The principle of the inseparability of the unitive and procreative meanings of sexuality demands that:
a. the procreative purpose of the sexual act not be deliberately destroyed so as to render a naturally fertile act sterile; b. that the procreative purpose of the sexual act not be achieved in isolation from the unitive expression of the couple's love
47
the procreative purpose of the sexual act not be ________ so as to render a ________ act sterile;
deliberately destroyed; naturally fertile
48
that the procreative purpose of the sexual act not be achieved in _______ from the unitive expression of the couple's love
isolation
49
● a more radical erosion of the natural bond between parent and child than AIH because it also involves a violation of the nontransferable and inalienable rights to procreation that married partners give one another ● does not justify her obtaining a child by an act of adultery ● semen donor himself is being sexually exploited like a prostitute
AID (Artificial Insemination by Donor)
50
● a process whereby egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb. ● involves removing a ripe egg from a woman and in a glass (in vitro) mixing it with some semen so that fertilization takes place ● the resulting embryo is then transferred to a woman's uterus where it is hoped it will implant and subsequently develop
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
51
a deviation from natural reproduction
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
52
the first country to allow so-called three-person IVF for women with mitochondrial disease
United Kingdom
53
What is the process of three-person IVF for women with mitochondrial disease?
allows healthy mitochondria from a woman donor to be combined with the DNA of the parents.
54
What situations might IVF be used?
● if tubal surgery has not corrected a previous difficulty with the fallopian tubes, IVF allows the possibility of overcoming this problem by bypassing the tubes ● if a woman cannot produce an egg, an egg or eggs could be donated by a donor ● if both partners are infertile, eggs and semen could be donated
55
The creation and gestation of a human baby outside the maternal womb
Ectogenesis
56
A term for the developing human being during the first 8 weeks after fertilization
Embryo
57
A term for outside the human uterus
In vitro
58
giving people the freedom to choose their children in this way could lead to further ethical problems
Sex Selection
59
The bearing of a child by a woman with the aim of turning it over to another woman
Surrogate Motherhood
60
The embryo may have been conceived by the surrogate mother and a man (usually the partner of the woman who is to receive the child after birth) either by sexual intercourse or by artificial insemination, or it may have been conceived in vitro and transferred to the womb of the surrogate mother, who then carries the pregnancy to its termination.
Surrogate Motherhood
61
a woman who gives birth after carrying the fertilized ovum of another woman or, more commonly, after being artificially inseminated with sperm from the biological father.
Surrogate Motherhood
62
thought to be a 'treatment' option for the infertile
Surrogacy
63
fulfill people’s desires to be parents
Surrogacy
64
an alternative to adoption
Surrogacy
65
Problems & Issues regarding Surrogate Motherhood
● Question of morality ● Payment ● Exploitation ● Surrogate motherhood vs. conventional motherhood ● Conflict of rights
66
Problems & Issues regarding Surrogate Motherhood: concern about surrogate mother hood involves the true nature of mothering
Question of morality
67
Problems & Issues regarding Surrogate Motherhood: raises an ethical question around whether surrogacy is different from other kinds of paid work
Payment
68
Problems & Issues regarding Surrogate Motherhood: The infertile couple and the surrogate mother are highly vulnerable to exploitation; “Womb renting”
Exploitation
69
Problems & Issues regarding Surrogate Motherhood: Is “motherhood” merely the biological act of bearing children?
Surrogate motherhood vs. conventional motherhood
70
Problems & Issues regarding Surrogate Motherhood: dispute revolves around who has the strongest claim to the child
Conflict of rights
71
● a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. ● predominant methods being used to derive or attempt to derive human embryonic stem cells require destruction of the embryo
Stem Cell Technology
72
Issues and concerns in Stem cell technology
● Embryo destruction ● Oocyte harvesting: raises concerns related to safety of the donor ● issues relate to informed consent of both donors of gametes and embryos as well as recipients of stem cells and stem cell products ● concern related to the commercialization of the process, justice, and the responsible conduct of research
73
● is the crime of forcing somebody to have sex with one especially with violence. ● It is the crime of forcefully having sex with someone against the person's wish (Chiedu, 2012). ● is an act of sexual violence that involves intercourse without consent or against someone being willing to engage in the act (Brigneti and Egbonimali, 2002).
Rape
74
Sexual intercourse with a person below the age of consent.
Statutory rape
75
Effects of rape
● Physical trauma, possible infection, possible pregnancy ● has long-term health consequences for survivors both psychologically and physiologically.
76
long-term health consequences for survivors both psychologically and physiologically?
- social stigma associated with rape - survivors frequently experience depression, anxiety, PTSD, sense of diminished self-worth and negative sexuality issues
77
Issues of rape
● Violation of basic human rights ● Violation of personhood ● Violation of sexuality as an expression of mutual love for the sexual act to be performed ● prevention of pregnancy raises special ethical problems - Ethical problems arise in the treatment of rape victims when methods are proposed that probably prevent conception but that may be abortifacient if conception has taken place
78
Care of rape victims?
1. To offer the psychological support and counseling 2. To provide medical care for injuries 3. gather evidence to be used if the rapist is apprehended and prosecuted. 4. To provide treatment to prevent possible venereal disease and pregnancy
79
● ending ones’ life ● An act, whether of commission or omission, and whether performed by himself or others, by which an individual autonomously intends to bring about his death because he wishes to be dead, either in order to avoid a life he does not wish to live or as a means to achieving some other purpose.
Suicide
80
A feigned act of suicide (which may, but need not, involve self-harm), at the end of which the protagonist wishes, intends, and expects to be alive
Gestured Suicide
81
person who believes that in general we should intervene in the suicidal acts of others because suicide can never be in a person’s best interests and/or because it is morally wrong.
Suicide Conservative
82
person who believes that in general we should not intervene in the suicidal acts of others because autonomy is centrally important in the life of persons, and thus we each have the right to do what we will with our lives, even if we wish to give them up.
Suicide Liberal
83
Is suicide morally right?
No, because it involves killing.
84
Moral discussions of suicide center on the significance of the Principle of the _____________
Sanctity of Life
85
a general term that refers to documents that “formally convey an individual’s wishes about medical decisions to be made in the event that he or she loses decision–making capacity”
Advance Directives
86
Meant to ease anxieties and moral distress from difficult decisions about which care to use and when to initiate or stop advanced medical treatment
Advance Directives
87
Types of Advance Directives
● The living will ● Durable power of attorney for health care/Medical power of attorney (DPOA-HC) ● Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment ● Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders
88
A Types of Advance Directives in which it is defined as a legal document used to state certain future health care decisions only when a person becomes unable to make the decisions and choices on their own - only used at the end of life if a person is terminally ill (can't be cured) or permanently unconscious.
The living will
89
A Types of Advance Directives in which it is defined as a legal document in which you name a person to be a proxy (agent) to make all your health care decisions if you become unable to do so.
Durable power of attorney for health care/Medical power of attorney (DPOA-HC)
90
A Types of Advance Directives in which it is defined as helps describe your wishes for health care (not an advance directive)
Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment
91
A Types of Advance Directives in which it is defined as medical staff will try to re-start your heart and breathing using methods such as CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and AED (automated external defibrillator).
Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders
92
Does the Philippines have a law on Advance directives?
NO
93
To be legally valid, a ________ must comply with state law requirements such as those regarding how the document is signed and witnessed or what must be included in the text of the document.
living will
94
Limitations and issues of living wills & DPOA-HC
● Address only a narrow range of end-of-life decisions ● Preferences often change as they develop a progressive illness or as their values or priorities change over time ● When DPOA-HC have joint appointments can create conflicts and complications ● autonomy gives patients’ a right to control their treatment according to their preferences
95
is a medical order written by a doctor where it instructs health care providers not to do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient's breathing stops or if the patient's heart stops beating
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)
96
sometimes referred to as passive euthanasia
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)
97
created, or set up, before an emergency occurs
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)
98
allows you to choose whether or not you want CPR in an emergency
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)
99
● It does not have instructions for other treatments, such as pain medicine, other medicines, or nutrition. ● may be a part of a hospice care plan
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)
100
DNR order is generally ________ when the client or proxy has expressed the wish for no resuscitation in the event of a respiratory or cardiac arrest
written
101
Some Issues on DNR
● DNR discussions are delayed until it is too late for the patients to participate in decisions regarding resuscitation ● Physicians do not provide adequate information to allow patients to make informed decisions ● Physicians inappropriately estimate the value of DNR orders to limit other treatments ● Issues for those relying on religion as the main source for their moral and ethical codes ● DNR was construed as either the patient was not worth to saving his/ her life or the family did not care enough to save the patient's life.
102
Nurse’s responsibilities -Do not resuscitate (DNR)
● Clinical nurses actively participate in timely and frequent discussions on changing goals of care and initiate DNR discussions with patients and their families and significant others ● Clinical nurses ensure that DNR orders are clearly documented, reviewed, and updated periodically to reflect changes in the patient’s condition ● nurses ensure that, whenever possible, the DNR decision is a subject of explicit discussion between the health care team, patient, and family (or designated surrogate), and that actions taken are in accordance with the patient’s wishes. ● nurses facilitate and participate in interdisciplinary mechanisms for the resolution of disputes among patients, families, and clinicians’ DNR orders.
103
● also known as mercy killing, and assisted suicide ● Deliberately bringing about the death of a person who’s suffering from an incurable disease or condition, either actively or passively
Euthanasia
104
Euthanasia – PRO
● Beneficence: should allow people to die in dignity and without pain ● Rights-based argument: our bodies are our own, and we should be allowed to do what we want with them
105
Euthanasia – CONS
● The sanctity of life: life is given by God, and only God should decide when to end it ● Euthanasia as murder: principle of autonomy forbids the voluntary ending of LIFE ● The role of palliative care - often argued that pain and suffering experienced by patients can be relieved by administering appropriate palliative care ● The rights of vulnerable patients - coercion of patients receiving costly treatments to accept euthanasia ● The doctor-patient relationship and the physician’s role - undermine the doctor-patient relationship, destroying the trust and confidence built ● if euthanasia was made legal, the laws regulating it would be abused
106
"difficult or painful death, used to indicate the extension of the dying process through treatment that only prolongs patients' biological life
Dysthanasia
107
a term generally used when a person is kept alive artificially, in a condition where otherwise they cannot survive
Dysthanasia
108
● It has neither quality of life nor dignity. ● slow and painful death without the quality of life
Dysthanasia
109
Also Called: - Therapeutic intensification - therapeutic obstinacy - therapeutic fierceness - futility therapy or medical futility
Dysthanasia
110
What’s Wrong with Dysthanasia?
● to optimize the treatment of patients and not to waste resources ● treatment stubbornness & prolong the process of Death ● implies the unreasonable and ethically unacceptable lengthening of the process of death with the help of technology
111
Efficient means to prevent dysthanasia?
Palliative care and respect for patients' rights
112
● A normal or natural manner of death and dying - correct dying, or allowing to die or letting die.
ORTHONASIA (ORTHOTHANASIA / ORTHOTANASIA)
113
● Sometimes used to denote the deliberate stopping of artificial or heroic means of maintaining life ● death is neither directly caused nor intended or postponed. It merely happens.
ORTHONASIA (ORTHOTHANASIA / ORTHOTANASIA)
114
Possibilities for Orthonasia
1. when the treatment to prolong life is useless or futile 2. when the prolongation of life or the postponement of death is unduly burdensome in the first place for the patient and the family. 3. when the patient needs painkillers or medical sedation, which does not intend the death of the patient
115
Orthonasia (pros)
● Death with dignity ● Less sufferings
116
Orthonasia (cons)
● Not respecting the sanctity of life ● Allowing patient to die
117
● patient who has decision-making capacity appropriate to the decision at hand has the right to decline any medical intervention or ask that an intervention be stopped, even when that decision is expected to lead to his or her death and regardless of whether or not the individual is terminally ill.
Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment
118
When is it justifiable to discontinue life-sustaining treatments?
● If the patient has the ability to make decisions & fully understands the consequences ● If the treatment no longer offers benefit to the patient
119
Who are qualified to refuse treatment? And be justifiable
● patients that have serious illness with limited life expectancy (doesn’t have to be terminally ill) - Patient must be competent - Depends on the law of the land ● Patients with advance directives (for patients who are no longer competent) - With surrogate decision-maker
120
Nurse must ensure patient’s capacity to make decisions; considered intact if the patient is:
● understands the clinical information presented ● appreciates his/her situation, including consequences with treatment refusal ● is able to display reason in deliberating about their choices ● is able to clearly communicate their choice
121
Is food and fluid part of basic humane care?
- This includes intravenous fluids, parenteral nutrition
122
Is it justifiable to withdraw or Withhold Food and Fluids?
● Is food and fluid part of basic humane care? ● If options and guidelines are available, legally - If (state, federal, national) laws are available to support its legality - If it’s legal, is it ethical?
123
Is it justifiable to withhold or withdraw care because of costs?
● avoid costly treatments that offer little or no benefit, but the obligation to the patient outweighs the obligation to save money for health care institutions ● There are rare situations in which costs spent on one terminally ill patient could be clearly better used on another, more viable patient - To apply the ethical principle of justice