MIDTERM EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

What is ETHICAL/MORAL PRINCIPLES

A

-Statements about broad general, philosophical
concepts
* Provide the foundation for moral rules which
are specific prescriptions for action
* Useful for ethical decisions

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2
Q

What are the examples ETHICAL/MORAL PRINCIPLES

A
  1. AUTONOMY
  2. NONMALEFICENCE
  3. BENEFICENCE
  4. FIDELITY
    4.5. Justice
  5. VERACITY
  6. ACCOUNTABILITY
  7. RESPONSIBILITY
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3
Q

➢ Right to make one’s own decisions
➢ Each client is unique
○ Has the right to be who that
individual is & right to choose
personal goals
➢ Nurses must treat clients with
consideration

A

Autonomy

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4
Q

RESTRICTIONS/LIMITATION

A

➢ If there is potential harm to self or others
➢ communicable diseases or acts of
violence

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5
Q

ELEMENTS or Parts of Autonomy

A

A. PATIENT’S RIGHTS
B. PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS
C. INFORMED CONSENT
CONFIDENTIALITY
PRIVACY
Proxy Consent

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6
Q

A. PATIENT’S RIGHTS

A

○ Right to Appropriate Medical
Care and Humane Treatment.
○ Right to Informed Consent.
○ Right to Privacy and
Confidentiality.
○ Right to Information.
○ The Right to Choose Health Care
Provider and Facility.
○ Right to Self-Determination.
○ Right to Religious Belief.
○ Right to Medical Records.
○ Right to Leave.
○ Right to Refuse Participation In
Medical Research.
○ Right to Correspondence and to
Receive Visitors.
○ Right to Express Grievances.
○ Right to be Informed of His
Rights and Obligations as a
Patient.

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7
Q

a document that provides patients with
information on how they can reasonably
expect to be treated during the course of
their hospital stay.

A

PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS

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8
Q

➢ specific wording varies from hospital to
hospital, most bills of rights include the
following focus areas:

A

○ High-quality hospital care
○ A clean and safe treatment
environment
○ Involvement in care o Protection
of patients’ privacy
○ Help with patients’ billing and
insurance claims
○ Preparing for the end of patients’
hospital visits

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9
Q
  • Agreement by
    a client to accept a course of treatment
    or a procedure after being provided
    complete information, including the
    benefits and risks of treatment,
    alternatives to treatment option that the
    patient wishes to receive or not to
    receive
A

INFORMED CONSENT

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10
Q

Two types of Consent:

A

Express
Implied

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11
Q

What is usually naa sa INFORMED CONSENT?

A

complete information, including the
benefits and risks of treatment,
alternatives to treatment

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12
Q

3 major elements of informed consent:

A
  1. Consent must be given voluntarily.
  2. Consent must be given by a client or
    individual with the capacity &
    competence to understand.
  3. Client or individual must be given
    enough information to be the ultimate
    decision maker
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13
Q

Parts of Informed Consent

A

● The diagnosis or condition that requires
treatment
● The purposes of the treatment
● What the client can expect to feel or
experience
● The intended benefits of the treatment
● Possible risks or negative outcomes of
the treatment
● Advantages and disadvantages of
possible alternatives to the treatment
(including no treatment)

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14
Q

➢ The process by which people with the
legal right to consent to medical
treatment for themselves or for a minor or a ward, delegate that right to another
person.

A

D. PROXY CONSENT

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15
Q

3 fundamental constraints:

A
  1. The person making the delegation must
    have the right to consent
  2. The person must be legally & medically
    competent to delegate the right to
    consent
  3. The right to consent must be delegated
    to a legally & medically competent adult
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16
Q
  • keeping of another person or entity’s information private
A

CONFIDENTIALITY

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17
Q

➢ refers to the right of an individual to
keep his or her health information
private
➢ the right of individuals to withhold
themselves and their lives from public
scrutiny
○ right to be left alone

A

PRIVACY

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18
Q

What law protects confidentiality of the patient?

A

Data Privacy Act - RA 10173, 2012

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19
Q

➢ “do no harm”
➢ Not placing someone at risk of harm &
unintentionally causing harm

A

Nonmaleficence

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20
Q

➢ “doing good”
➢ Implement actions that benefit clients

A

Beneficence

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21
Q

➢ Fairness
➢ Weigh the facts carefully in order to
divide time or services justly

A

Justice

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22
Q

➢ loyalty
➢ Faithful to agreements and promises
➢ involves loyalty, truthfulness, promise
keeping, advocacy and respect
➢ Nurses have responsibility to clients,
employers, government, profession,
society and to themselves

A

Fidelity

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23
Q

➢ Truth telling
➢ Having Integrity
➢ Professional accountability &
responsibility

A

Veracity

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24
Q

➢ answerable to oneself and others for
one’s own actions.
➢ means you are liable or answerable for
one’s actions. In order to be responsible,
you must be accountable and vice versa

A

Accountability

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25
➢ the specific accountability or liability associated with the performance of duties of a particular role ➢ involves having authority over one's actions.
Responsibility
26
➢ provides specific guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to perform an action in pursuit of a good end in the full knowledge that the action will also bring about bad results (David Solomon, The Encyclopedia of Ethics) ➢ An action that is good in itself has two effects ➢ guidelines for determining when it is ethically permissible for a human being to engage in conduct in pursuit of a good end with full knowledge that the conduct will also bring about bad results.
Principle of double effect
27
4 BASIC MORAL CRITERIA:
1. The intervention or act itself must be good or at the very least, indifferent 2. The intent of the intervention must be good 3. The good must be the result of the act and not the result of the bad effect. 4. There must be a compelling necessity for the act- the benefits must outweigh the costs
28
➢ This principle is aimed in helping individuals discern how to properly avoid, limit, or distance themselves from evil in order to avoid a worse evil or to achieve an important good.
Principle of legitimate cooperation
29
criteria to judge how legitimate your cooperation with the evil is
➢ The moral object of your action is good, and you are operating out of good intentions. ➢ Your cooperation is only material cooperation, not formal ➢ Your cooperation is remote rather than proximate, so it causes minimal evil effects ➢ Your action does not cause scandal
30
➢ certain general conditions that are...equally to everyone's advantage ➢ the sum total of social conditions which allow people, either as groups or as individuals, to reach their fulfillment more full and more easilv. ➢ used in various contexts to identify actions or outcomes that have some definable benefit that extends beyond individual gain.
Common good
31
➢ the doctrine holds that nothing should be done by a larger and more complex organization which can be done as well by a smaller and simpler organization. ○ activity which can be performed by a more decentralized entity ➢ The principle states that only those decisions and tasks that cannot be effectively decided upon or performed by a supported or subsidized lower level authority ought to be relegated to a more central or higher authority.
Subsidiarity
32
* Grounded in the presupposition that God has absolute Dominion over creation, and that, insofar as human beings are made in God's image and likeness, we have been given a limited dominion over creation and are responsible for its care
PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP
33
* is caring for the gifts God has given us, including the environment, our own personal talents and other resources *being responsible guardians - humans are merely stewards with a responsibility to protect and cultivate spiritual and bodily functions.
STEWARDSHIP
34
* Nurse leaders * directly centered on working with nurse practitioners and nurse educators to transform the practice environments in which they work - to make practice environments more positive, healthy and engaging
NURSE'S ROLE:
35
What is the nurse's role?
- to make practice environments more positive, healthy and engaging
36
* refers to the execution of responsibility of the health care practitioners to look after, provide necessary health care services, and promote the health and life of those entrusted to their care.
HEALTHCARE:
37
* development of self * refining skills and improving competencies * Become visible and sound role models within their institutions to maintain the balance between self and professional
PERSONAL:
38
* actions taken by individuals, groups or networks, with various motivations and levels of capacity, to protect, care for or responsibly use the environment in pursuit of environmental and/or social outcomes in diverse social- ecological contexts
ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL:
39
* refers to each individual's duty to "preserve a view of the whole human person in which the values of the intellect, will, conscience and fraternity are utmost importance"
INTEGRITY
40
* Refers to the duty to preserve intact the physical component of the integrated bodily and spiritual nature of human life, whereby every part of the human body "exists for the sake of the whole as the imperfect for the sake of the perfect". - The whole is greater than any of its parts
TOTALITY:
41
* every measure should be taken to preserve the totality of the human body and mind * jeopardizing the human body and mind for other purposes is wrong
PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY
42
* the process of having a medical operation to make it impossible to have children
Sterilization
43
Types of Sterilization
* Direct / Surgical/ voluntary sterilization o Tubal ligation & vasectomy * Involuntary Sterilization (with mental illness, mentally challenged/incompetent * Forced and Coerced Sterilization *Eugenic Sterilization ° To prevent them from having offspring that would have the same "abnormality" * Indirect sterilization 。 a side effect of a medical treatment directly aimed at specific pathology
44
* the act of damaging something severely, especially by violently removing a part
Mutilation
45
Types of Mutilation
* Female Circumcision / FGM (female genital mutilation) * Reconstructive surgeries o transsexual surgery o Castration and construction of a pseudovagina for a male o construction of a nonfunctional pseudo-penis and testes for the female 。 mastectomy and hysterectomy * Amputations
46
Who said the phrase "no one can be forced to bear the tremendous pain in the amputation of a member or in an incision into the body: because no one is held to preserve his life with such torture"
Domingo Soto (1494-1560)
47
* All persons have the right & duty to protect & preserve their bodily and functional integrity.
Preservation of Bodily Functional Integrity
48
* recognized both the sanctity of life (life is indeed sacred), and some degree of quality of life ° a lack of quality means that life can be let go. * humane application of the theology of human life to health care ethics is clearly
PRINCIPLE OF ORDINARY AND EXTRAORDINARY MEANS
49
measures are those that are based on medication or treatment or other which is directly available and can be applied without incurring severe pain, costs or inconveniences, but which give the patient in question justified hope for a commensurate improvement in his health
ORDINARY
50
measures are those that are based on medication or treatment which cannot be applied without incurring severe pain, costs or other inconveniences. * Their application, however, would not give the patient any justified hope for a commensurate improvement in his health * it is never obligatory to make use of medical measures that are morally "extraordinary" in order to preserve life
EXTRAORDINARY
51
A means is ORDINARY which is:
1. scientifically established, 2. statistically successful, and 3. reasonably available.
52
* The gift of human sexuality must be used in marriage in keeping with its intrinsic, indivisible, specifically human teleology. * It should be a loving, bodily, pleasurable expression of the complimentary,permanent self- giving of a man and a woman to each other, which is open to fruition in the perpetuation and expansion of this personal communion through the family they beget and educate. * Is based on the understanding of sexuality as one of the basic traits of the human person and must be developed in ways consistent with enhancing human dignity
Principle of Personalized Sexuality
53
Human sexuality is a complex of VALUES:
a. physical pleasure; b. the expression of intimate love; C. the transmission of life to a new generation; d. a paradigm and symbol of more universal forms of love.
54
。 Sex with prostitutes
Extramarital sex
55
A branch of philosophy that seeks to determine how human actions may be judged right or wrong.
Ethics
56
A branch of philosophy that seeks to determine how human actions may be judged right or wrong.
Ethics
57
Who said “character is of central importance to ethics, and one cannot have a good character without having formed good ethoi or habits.”
Aristotle
58
ETHICS is Greek for _____, and MORALITY comes from ______, which is Latin for customs.
customs;mores
59
Refers to human conduct and values. Also may be perceived as prescriptions or rules to guide our actions and behavior
Morality
60
Refers to the study of those. Also may be perceived as a set of analytical tools or a process that helps to identify right conduct and determine appropriate behavior
Ethics
61
A branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes.
Biology
62
The field of applied ethics that is concerned with the vast array of moral decision-making situations that arise in the practice of medicine in addition to the procedures and the policies that are designed to guide such practice.
Healthcare Ethics
63
Healthcare Ethics AKA.
Medical Ethics
64
A multidisciplinary lens through which to view complex issues and make recommendations regarding a course of action.
Healthcare Ethics
65
Application of the core principles of bioethics
Autonomy Nonmaleficence Beneficence Justice
66
Are viewed as synonymous, health ethics is more limited as it confines itself to the moral behavior in relation to health.
Bioethics and Health Ethics
67
Moral science that deals with the obligation of a professional towards his profession, the public, and to his client.
Professional Ethics
68
Refers to the moral, social & political problems that arise from biology & the life sciences generally that involve, directly or indirectly, human wellbeing.
Bioethics
69
“Bioethics” emerged between _____ to ____
1960s;1970
70
Who is the oncologist that conceptualized bioethics as a comprehensive field of thought and action
Van Potter
71
Enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person, object, idea or action.
Values
72
It influence decision and actions
Values
73
Values are learned through observation & experience
Value Transmission
74
Influenced by sociocultural environment:
Societal traditions Culture Ethnic & religious groups Family and peers
75
Internalization of accumulative values derived from society and environment
Personal Value
76
A process by which people identify, examine, and develop their own individual values
Values Clarification
77
Fundamental professional nursing values of human dignity, equality, and prevention of suffering have not varied over time or across groups
Clarifying Nurse’s Value
78
Nurses need to identify clients’ values as they influence and relate to a particular health problem
Clarifying Client Value
79
What are the process to help clarify their values.
List alternatives Examine possible consequences of choices Choose freely Feeling about the choice Affirm the choice. Act with a pattern
80
The expected standards of moral behavior of a particular group as described in the group’s formal code of professional ethics
Ethics
81
The expected standards of moral behavior of a particular group as described in the group’s formal code of professional ethics
Ethics
82
Refers to private, personal standards of what is right and wrong conduct, character and attitude.
Morality
83
Law reflects moral values of society
Distinguish Morality and Law
84
Some religions have differences in moral perspective in relation to health
Distinguish Morality and Religion
85
Some religions have differences in moral perspective in relation to health
Moral Development
86
Nurses can use moral theories in explaining ethical decisions and discussions of problematic situations
Ethical Theories/Moral Frameworks
87
Three Types of Moral Theories
Consequences Principles & Duties Relationships
88
Hold only the consequences of actions matter morally
Teleological Theories
89
Actions are morally right if and only they maximize the good (or, alternatively minimizes the bad).
Utilitarianism
90
Logical and formal process & emphasize individual rights, duties & obligations
Deontological Theories
91
Requires people to follow rules & do their duty
Kant’s Theory
92
Q It stresses courage, generosity, commitment & the need to nurture and maintain relationships
Relationship-Based Theories
93
Moral norms derive their normative force from the idea of contract or mutual agreement
Contractarian Ethics
94
Moral judgments must be made within the context of the entirety of a situation and that all normative features of a situation must be viewed as a whole.
Situation Ethics
95
An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable only to the agent performing the action.
Ethical Egoism
96
Acceptance of a conduct code based on absolute, indisputable rights and duties
Ethical Absolutism
97
Views moral values as entirely relative to different societies and contexts
Ethical Relativism
98
Do not consider consequences
Deontological
99
May consider the consequences of moral actions when deciding if they are right or wrong.
Teleological
100
An approach that focuses on character with the assumption that a person of good character will tend to behave in ways that are consistent with their character.
Virtue Ethics
101
Concerned with the character of individual nurses and seeks ways to enable nurses to develop character traits appropriate for actions that enhance wellbeing.
Virtue Ethics in Nursing
102
5 Essential Nursing Values
Altruism Autonomy Human Dignity Integrity Social Justice
103
Concern for the welfare and well being of others.
Altruism
104
Right to self-determination. Respect patient’s right
Autonomy
105
Respect for inherent worth and uniqueness of others
Human Dignity
106
Honesty as reflected in the code of ethics and accepted standards
Integrity
107
Acting in accordance with fair treatment regardless of status, socio-cultural, gender differences
Social Justice
108
Client is aware of alternative actions.
List alternatives
109
Making sure the client understands the results of each action
Examine possible consequences of choices
110
Ensure wise decision without any external influence
Choose freely
111
Verify effects of decision on client's feelings
Feeling about the choice
112
Verify how clients discuss decision to others
Affirm the choice
113
Determine client's consistency of behaviour
Act with pattern