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GEOG 111 > quiz 3 > Flashcards

quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

denudation

A

process of disintegrating and transporting material away from its source

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2
Q

endogenous forces

A
  • forces that create
  • internal to earth
  • associated with material flow and heat
  • build landscapes like volcanos and are responsible for tectonics
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3
Q

exogenous forces

A
  • forces that break down
  • external to earths surface
  • destroy landscapes
  • responsible for erosion and weathering
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4
Q

geomorphology

A

science that describes origins, evolution, form, and distribution of landforms

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5
Q

regolith

A

broken up rock resulting from weathering
- parent material for soil

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6
Q

sediment

A

loose fragments of rock and minerals transporting and deposited by various geomorphic agents
- important component in mass wasting

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7
Q

recipe for landslide (3)

A
  • material
  • slope (steeper = greater downhill force)
  • reduction/friction/loosened material
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8
Q

geomorphic threshold

A

the point at which there is enough energy to overcome resistance against movement of material (the point where a mass wasting event occurs)

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9
Q

cycle of mass wasting (3)

A

dynamic equilibrium
destabilizing event (results in big change over short time)
period of adjustment

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10
Q

angle of repose

A

steepest angle loose fragments can retain on a slope without downhill movement

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11
Q

mass wasting categories (3)

A

falls
- free fall or bouncing
- eg rock fall
slide
- downslope movement of mass material
- landslide
flow
- downslope of movement of sediment particles
- mudslide

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12
Q

safety factor (2)

A

resisting forces / driving forces = safety factor

if factor is >1, stable
if <1, likely unstable

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13
Q

watershed

A

collection area or zone of water through a common point with one outflow

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14
Q

drainage divides

A

create boundaries between watersheds
- basically just high points in a landscape

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15
Q

overland flow

A

water on a high point that just spread out
- no real path, maybe flat ground or a high point

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16
Q

drainage network organization (4)

A

dendritic
radial
annular
trellis

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17
Q

dendritic network organization

A

most common
very efficient at water delivery
resembles a leaf skeleton

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18
Q

radial network organization

A

usually on a high point
drains out in all directions

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19
Q

annular network organization

A

opposite of radial
prevent water form draining outward
water must find a low point to get out (like a maze)

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20
Q

trellis network organization

A

resembles a ladder
streams meet at 90 degree angles

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21
Q

tributary streams

A

a smaller stream that joins a bigger one

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22
Q

steps to measure water discharge

A

area x velocity

area = depth x width
velocity = speed x distance

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23
Q

discharge hydograph

A

bell curve
time of flood on x axis
discharge on y axis

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24
Q

drainage basin variability (3)

A

shape
- circular - delivers quickly in mass quantities
- elongated - separated delivery

urbanization
- fasters delivery (think about GTA river cement thing)

geology
- low porosity rocks - faster delivery
- higher porosity rocks - slower

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25
Q

influent vs effluent streams

A

influent - releases water to the surrounding ground system

effluent - takes water form groundwater system

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26
Q

physical weathering

A

breakdown of rock structures via wind, water, etc
- happens lots in colder areas, cold and

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27
Q

chemical weathering

A

change in makeup of rocks we have
- usually see change in colour
- water based
- happens lots of hot wet climates
- minerals are dissolves and removed

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28
Q

exfoliation

A

peeling of rocks due to temperature changes, outer layer peels off

29
Q

chemical weathering - replacement

A

hydrolysis
- H+or OH- replaces an ion in a mineral
- minerals are decomposed as water flows over
- materials swapped are usually softer than the og materials

30
Q

oxidation

A

iron based minerals mix with O2, causing a red colour change

31
Q

factors of weathering

A

climate
surface area
slopes
vegetation

32
Q

initiation of weathering

A

rock openings
joints
cracks
faults

33
Q

porosity

A

size of spacing in a rock / between rock material

34
Q

permeability

A

connectivity of spaces in a rock - ease of flow

35
Q

soil

A

A dynamic mix of grained rock, mineral, and organic material supporting biological activity

36
Q

sediments

A

loose rock n shit

37
Q

sediment sizes from smallest to biggest

A

clay
silt
find sand
course sand
gravel

anything below clay is considered part of the soil

38
Q

soil makeup

A

50% void space (50/50 of air and water)
rest is 45% minerals and 5% organic shit

39
Q

soil farming factors

A

climate
organisms
parents material
topography

40
Q

soil horizons (4)

A

O
A
B
C

41
Q

O horizon soil

A

first level
comprised of humus
usually dark in colour
excellent at water storage

42
Q

A horizon soil

A

second layer
darker in colour
balance between organic material above and minerals below

43
Q

B horizon soil

A

third layer
rust coloured sometimes
lighter in colour
largely mineral based

44
Q

C horizon soil

A

last layer
bedrock
solid rock unit
not much going on in terms of soil development

45
Q

fluvial

A

any process involving running water

46
Q

stream flow

A

water flow restricted into channels

opposite of overland flow

47
Q

fluvial erosion

A

dislodging, dissolving, or removing material from a surface through stream action

48
Q

fluvial transport

A

active movement of material downstream through streams action

49
Q

fluvial deposition

A

dropping material in a new location after transportation ceases

50
Q

degradation

A

tearing down a landscape due to processes like erosion

common where streams have high energy (bottom of a waterfall)

51
Q

Aggradation

A

building up the landscape due to deposition

common where streams have low energy (after a waterfall bottom)

52
Q

graded stream

A

when a stream has reached the gradient necessary to efficiently transport available material (but no more that that)

53
Q

alluvium

A

material transported by streams
- generally smooth and rounded
- generally deposited in layers
- generally sorted into particles of similar size

54
Q

facts about fluvial erosion

A

controls erosive power
- stream discharge
- stream turbulence

55
Q

fluvial transport loads

A

dissolved load - minerals and salts carried in solution
suspended load - clay and silt held within the flow
bedlam - bouncing and rolling on the bottom

56
Q

traction

A

rolling rocks being dragged on the bottom

57
Q

saltation

A

rocks bouncing on the bottom

58
Q

competence

A

the max size of particles a stream can transport in a given stream segment
- relative to stream speed
- number is about V squared (velocity x velocity)

59
Q

laminar flow

A

low energy low gradient

60
Q

turbulent flow

A

high energy and gradient

61
Q

channelized flow

A

streams are rarely straight
turbulence and roughness create variation in stream erosion that lead to different stream patterns

max velocity of a river is the centre

62
Q

thalwag

A

deepest, usually the fastest part of the channel

63
Q

types of channels (4)

A

straight - rare
sinuous - slight bends
meandering - curvy as fuck
braided - bunch shit going on like a braid its weird

64
Q

sinuosity

A

channel distance / straight line distance

65
Q

stream valley formation

A

erosive power is higher when steeper, streams form a v shaped valley

amount of downcutting possible is limited by streams base level - ultimate base level is sea level

66
Q

stream piracy

A

taking water form another system by redirecting it to become yours

67
Q

stream rejuvenation

A

when base level changes, gradient changes to adjust

68
Q

tectonic uplift

A

entrenchment
eg. Colorado river, canyon shit we learned about

looks as if river has sunken into the ground

69
Q

valley widening

A

alluvial terraces
- following uplift, increasing downcutting through old floor plain sediments can create steps at the edge of a river
- usually paired on either side

GEOG 111 (5 decks)

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