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GEOG 111 > quiz 3 > Flashcards

quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

denudation

A

process of disintegrating and transporting material away from its source

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2
Q

endogenous forces

A
  • forces that create
  • internal to earth
  • associated with material flow and heat
  • build landscapes like volcanos and are responsible for tectonics
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3
Q

exogenous forces

A
  • forces that break down
  • external to earths surface
  • destroy landscapes
  • responsible for erosion and weathering
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4
Q

geomorphology

A

science that describes origins, evolution, form, and distribution of landforms

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5
Q

regolith

A

broken up rock resulting from weathering
- parent material for soil

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6
Q

sediment

A

loose fragments of rock and minerals transporting and deposited by various geomorphic agents
- important component in mass wasting

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7
Q

recipe for landslide (3)

A
  • material
  • slope (steeper = greater downhill force)
  • reduction/friction/loosened material
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8
Q

geomorphic threshold

A

the point at which there is enough energy to overcome resistance against movement of material (the point where a mass wasting event occurs)

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9
Q

cycle of mass wasting (3)

A

dynamic equilibrium
destabilizing event (results in big change over short time)
period of adjustment

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10
Q

angle of repose

A

steepest angle loose fragments can retain on a slope without downhill movement

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11
Q

mass wasting categories (3)

A

falls
- free fall or bouncing
- eg rock fall
slide
- downslope movement of mass material
- landslide
flow
- downslope of movement of sediment particles
- mudslide

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12
Q

safety factor (2)

A

resisting forces / driving forces = safety factor

if factor is >1, stable
if <1, likely unstable

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13
Q

watershed

A

collection area or zone of water through a common point with one outflow

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14
Q

drainage divides

A

create boundaries between watersheds
- basically just high points in a landscape

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15
Q

overland flow

A

water on a high point that just spread out
- no real path, maybe flat ground or a high point

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16
Q

drainage network organization (4)

A

dendritic
radial
annular
trellis

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17
Q

dendritic network organization

A

most common
very efficient at water delivery
resembles a leaf skeleton

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18
Q

radial network organization

A

usually on a high point
drains out in all directions

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19
Q

annular network organization

A

opposite of radial
prevent water form draining outward
water must find a low point to get out (like a maze)

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20
Q

trellis network organization

A

resembles a ladder
streams meet at 90 degree angles

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21
Q

tributary streams

A

a smaller stream that joins a bigger one

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22
Q

steps to measure water discharge

A

area x velocity

area = depth x width
velocity = speed x distance

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23
Q

discharge hydograph

A

bell curve
time of flood on x axis
discharge on y axis

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24
Q

drainage basin variability (3)

A

shape
- circular - delivers quickly in mass quantities
- elongated - separated delivery

urbanization
- fasters delivery (think about GTA river cement thing)

geology
- low porosity rocks - faster delivery
- higher porosity rocks - slower

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25
influent vs effluent streams
influent - releases water to the surrounding ground system effluent - takes water form groundwater system
26
physical weathering
breakdown of rock structures via wind, water, etc - happens lots in colder areas, cold and
27
chemical weathering
change in makeup of rocks we have - usually see change in colour - water based - happens lots of hot wet climates - minerals are dissolves and removed
28
exfoliation
peeling of rocks due to temperature changes, outer layer peels off
29
chemical weathering - replacement
hydrolysis - H+or OH- replaces an ion in a mineral - minerals are decomposed as water flows over - materials swapped are usually softer than the og materials
30
oxidation
iron based minerals mix with O2, causing a red colour change
31
factors of weathering
climate surface area slopes vegetation
32
initiation of weathering
rock openings joints cracks faults
33
porosity
size of spacing in a rock / between rock material
34
permeability
connectivity of spaces in a rock - ease of flow
35
soil
A dynamic mix of grained rock, mineral, and organic material supporting biological activity
36
sediments
loose rock n shit
37
sediment sizes from smallest to biggest
clay silt find sand course sand gravel anything below clay is considered part of the soil
38
soil makeup
50% void space (50/50 of air and water) rest is 45% minerals and 5% organic shit
39
soil farming factors
climate organisms parents material topography
40
soil horizons (4)
O A B C
41
O horizon soil
first level comprised of humus usually dark in colour excellent at water storage
42
A horizon soil
second layer darker in colour balance between organic material above and minerals below
43
B horizon soil
third layer rust coloured sometimes lighter in colour largely mineral based
44
C horizon soil
last layer bedrock solid rock unit not much going on in terms of soil development
45
fluvial
any process involving running water
46
stream flow
water flow restricted into channels opposite of overland flow
47
fluvial erosion
dislodging, dissolving, or removing material from a surface through stream action
48
fluvial transport
active movement of material downstream through streams action
49
fluvial deposition
dropping material in a new location after transportation ceases
50
degradation
tearing down a landscape due to processes like erosion common where streams have high energy (bottom of a waterfall)
51
Aggradation
building up the landscape due to deposition common where streams have low energy (after a waterfall bottom)
52
graded stream
when a stream has reached the gradient necessary to efficiently transport available material (but no more that that)
53
alluvium
material transported by streams - generally smooth and rounded - generally deposited in layers - generally sorted into particles of similar size
54
facts about fluvial erosion
controls erosive power - stream discharge - stream turbulence
55
fluvial transport loads
dissolved load - minerals and salts carried in solution suspended load - clay and silt held within the flow bedlam - bouncing and rolling on the bottom
56
traction
rolling rocks being dragged on the bottom
57
saltation
rocks bouncing on the bottom
58
competence
the max size of particles a stream can transport in a given stream segment - relative to stream speed - number is about V squared (velocity x velocity)
59
laminar flow
low energy low gradient
60
turbulent flow
high energy and gradient
61
channelized flow
streams are rarely straight turbulence and roughness create variation in stream erosion that lead to different stream patterns max velocity of a river is the centre
62
thalwag
deepest, usually the fastest part of the channel
63
types of channels (4)
straight - rare sinuous - slight bends meandering - curvy as fuck braided - bunch shit going on like a braid its weird
64
sinuosity
channel distance / straight line distance
65
stream valley formation
erosive power is higher when steeper, streams form a v shaped valley amount of downcutting possible is limited by streams base level - ultimate base level is sea level
66
stream piracy
taking water form another system by redirecting it to become yours
67
stream rejuvenation
when base level changes, gradient changes to adjust
68
tectonic uplift
entrenchment eg. Colorado river, canyon shit we learned about looks as if river has sunken into the ground
69
valley widening
alluvial terraces - following uplift, increasing downcutting through old floor plain sediments can create steps at the edge of a river - usually paired on either side

GEOG 111 (5 decks)

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