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GEOG 111 > quiz 1 > Flashcards

quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a system ?

A

a set of ordered, Interrelated components and their attributes

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2
Q

Human geography (3)

A
  • populations
  • economic things
  • cultures
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3
Q

geographic information science (3)

A
  • spatial analysis
  • geovisualization
  • cartography
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4
Q

Physical geography (4)

A
  • Landforms
  • systems (water cycle, etc)
  • animals and plants
  • earth layers
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5
Q

System similarities (3)

A
  • system function is greater Than the sum of its parts
  • systems are nested within and connected to other systems
  • systems are controlled by positive and negative feedback
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6
Q

Open system

A

a systems where energy or matter can flow freely in and out

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7
Q

closed system

A

energy and matter are kept in the system / no free flow

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8
Q

types of feedbacks in systems (3)

A

positive
negative
neutral

these do NOT refer to good or bad, but simply the direction of change

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9
Q

system feedback - positive

A

reinforces original function of the system
eg. more births in a population will lead to more births overall later on

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10
Q

system feedback - negative

A

reduces original system function
eg. increase in temperature causes clouds, which limit incoming solar radiation and heat

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11
Q

system feedback - neutral

A

no change to systems function

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12
Q

Mean residence time

A

average time a typical molecule remains in a system

eg. is there is a 100L bucket that gets 10L a day, but also loses 10L a day from a hole, the MRT is 100L/10L

water in vs water out = avg time per molecule = 10 days

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13
Q

4 layers of earth systems

A

biosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere
lithosphere

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14
Q

biosphere

A

encompasses all life on earth

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15
Q

hydrosphere

A

encompasses water in all 3 states

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16
Q

atmosphere

A

system of gasses held by gravity

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17
Q

lithosphere

A

the solid surface of earth

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18
Q

projection

A

process of creating a map from a sphere to a flat plane

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19
Q

map scales (2)

A

small scale - low detail, zoomed out, cover large area
eg. a globe

large scale - high detail, zoomed in, focus on smaller areas
eg. map of SFU

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20
Q

Universal transverse mercator (UTM)

A

most common grid systems applied to maps, measured in meters

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21
Q

Norths (3)

A

grid north
geographic north
magnetic north

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22
Q

grid north

A

the top of a flat map - usually different from geographic north

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23
Q

geographic north

A

north direction, place where points converge, north pole

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24
Q

magnetic north

A

different yearly, this year 16.5 degrees E of N

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25
Q

Latitude

A

lines run horizontally, but measure how close or far a location is from the equator
- degrees minutes seconds

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26
Q

longitude

A

lines run vertically, measure how close or far a location is from the prime meridian
- degrees minutes seconds

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27
Q

formula of map scale

A

distance (map) / distance (ground)

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28
Q

earths tilt

A

23.5 degrees E of N

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29
Q

Insolation

A

the amount of the sounds energy (in watts) received at any point on the earths surface

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30
Q

solar constant

A

the avg amount of the suns energy available at the top of the earths surface

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31
Q

wein’s law

A

objects radiate energy in wavelengths related to their individual surface temperatures

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32
Q

suns energy emissions

A

47% coloured rays, 45% infrared rays, 8% gamma/xray

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33
Q

subsolar point (also called declination of the sun)

A

where insolation is most intense - where the suns rays hit the earth head on
- varies through the year due to earths tilt
- varies between topic of cancer and capricorn

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34
Q

angle of incidence

A

angle where the suns radiation encounters the top of the atmosphere and the earths surface

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35
Q

Earths rotation (3)

A
  • west to east
  • faster at equator than poles
  • impacts critical zone (daylight, weather, etc)
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36
Q

density

A

mass of an object in a given volume (usually in kg/m3 or g/cm3)

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37
Q

pressure

A

force applied to a given area (usually measured in newtons or pascals

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38
Q

standard atmospheric pressure

A

101.3 kPa

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39
Q

heat

A

the flow of kinetic energy form one substance to another

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40
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C

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41
Q

earths atmosphere composition

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% argon
small amounts of co2 and other gases

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42
Q

homosphere

A

0-80km above surface of earth

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43
Q

heterosphere

A

80+km above surface of earth

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44
Q

when we increase the height we are from earth… (3)

A

air density decreases

atmospheric pressure decreases

atmospheric heat decreases

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45
Q

levels of the earth (homosphere)

A

troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere

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46
Q

the critical zone

A

earths surface to 8-17km up
75-80% of atmospheric mass

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47
Q

how are seasons generated?

A

axial tilt, revolution around the sun

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48
Q

solstice

A

summer and winter
longest / shortest daylight hour days

49
Q

equinox

A

spring / fall
equal slight hours

50
Q

troposphere

A

avg temp 15 - (-57)
where most clouds form
lots of system interaction happens here

51
Q

stratosphere

A

avg temp -57-0
high ozone concentrations which absorb radiation from the sun

52
Q

mesosphere

A

avg temp 0-(-90)
coldest part os atmosphere

53
Q

thermosphere

A

avg temp (-90)-1200
only layer not in homosphere (in heterosphere)
intense solar radiation

54
Q

lithosphere

A

crust of earth - tectonics
up to 70km deep
rocky, rigid

55
Q

asthenosphere

A

70-250km deep
high temp, plastic

56
Q

mantle

A

70-2900km
provides driving forces for plate tectonics
most complex

57
Q

outer core

A

2900-5150km
molten
mostly iron
very high temp

58
Q

inner core

A

5150-6370km
solid - iron

59
Q

lapse rates

A

define changes in atmospheric conditions

60
Q

two types of crust

A

oceanic crust
continental crust

61
Q

oceanic crust

A

lines ocean floor
more dense than continental
thinner
largely basalt

62
Q

continental crust

A

land area
largely granite
less dense than oceanic

63
Q

extreme winds

A

katabatic winds
- where dense air flows rapidly downward

64
Q

temperature

A

avg kinetic energy of a substance

65
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

force exerted per unit area
force on earths surface due to the weight of the atmosphere

66
Q

pressure formula

A

P =nRT/V P=pRT

p=density
n=number of particles
T=temp
R=Constant of proportionality
V =volume

67
Q

convection

A

vertical movement of air

68
Q

advection

A

horizontal movement of air

69
Q

pressure gradient force (3)

A

particles move from high to low pressure
pushes outward in all directions
responsible for winds

70
Q

why do pressure differences exist at earths surface? (1)

A

heating of the surface causes air to expand and rise

71
Q

adiabatic changes (2+)

A

expansion of an air mass
- density and pressure decrease
- results in temperature decrease - adiabatic cooling

compression of an air mass
- density and pressure increase
- results in adiabatic heating

72
Q

albedo

A

reflectivity of a surface
eg. water - low albedo
snow - high albedo

73
Q

scattering

A

change in direction of radiation / sun rays

74
Q

transmission

A

passing of radiation through something

75
Q

specific heat is _____ times that of land

A

4-5x

76
Q

basic conviction cell process (2)

A

air circles n shit

cold air sinks and heats up, rises, cools, and sinks again

77
Q

high pressure environment is when ____

A

cold air sinks down

78
Q

low pressure environment is when _____

A

warm air rises

79
Q

isobars

A

lines joining equal points of pressure

80
Q

intertropical convergent zone (ITCZ)

A

band of clouds by equator as proof of rising air

81
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Deflection of moving objects form traveling in a straight path
in proportion to the speed of earths rotation
- gives illusion of something like a plane turning when it isnt
- impacts winds (deflects them to the right)

82
Q

trade winds

A

winds that blow east to west (easterly winds)

83
Q

antitrade winds

A

winds that blow west to east (westerly winds)

84
Q

polar cell

A

wind cell by the poles
- form easterly winds

85
Q

Hadley cell

A

cells by equator

shifts north and south based thermal equator

86
Q

midlatitudes

A

airflow fed by Hadley and polar cells
- form westerlies

87
Q

the jet stream

A

band of high speed winds
- at the northern end of Hadley cell and southern end of polar cell

88
Q

why do jet streams form as the edge of cells? (3)

A

two air masses at different temps

air will flow form higher temp to lower temp (tropics to poles)

Coriolis makes it westerly wind

89
Q

full list of wind from the north pole to equator in order (6)

A

easterlies <–
polar jet stream –>
westerlies –>
subtropic jet stream –>
antitrade winds –>
trade winds <–

90
Q

wind movement is defined by (2)

A

pressure gradient

coriolis

91
Q

geostrophic winds

A

air that circles around a point (due to pressure bringing it in and Coriolis deflecting it) but will never reach the centre

92
Q

low-pressure systems circling

A

cyclones - rotate counter clockwise

93
Q

high pressure systems circling

A

anticyclone - rotate clockwise

94
Q

environmental lapse rate

A

12 degrees C/1000m

95
Q

DAR

A

10 deg /1000m

96
Q

MAR

A

6 deg /1000m

97
Q

stability of an air mass (3)

A

if cooling faster than DAR or MAR - unstable
if DAR or MAR is faster
if both are faster - fully stable

98
Q

types of lifting (3)

A

orographic
convective
frontal

99
Q

orographic lifting

A

when air is forced up due to terrain like a mountain

100
Q

convective lifting

A

standard convection currents but air mass

101
Q

frontal lifting

A

warm air goes over cold air from the ocean

102
Q

cold front

A

steep edge
heavy rain
cold air in from ocean

103
Q

warm front

A

gradual incline of clouds
warm air flows over cold air on the ocean

104
Q

phase changes occur in water through _____

A

release or absorption of energy

105
Q

humidity

A

moisture in air

106
Q

dew point

A

temp at which and air mass is 100% saturated

107
Q

in order for water to condense from gas, is must ___ (2)

A

be at dew point (100% saturation)

have a surface to condense (aerosols) - like dust or pollen

108
Q

low height clouds

A

strato clouds (stratocumulus, nimbostratus)

109
Q

mid height clouds

A

alto clouds (altostratus, altocumulus)

110
Q

high clouds

A

cirro clouds (cirrus)

111
Q

relative humidity

A

ratio of water vapour compared to capacity of air mass to hold vapour - expressed as percent

actual vapour in air / capacity x 100

112
Q

vapour pressure

A

water vapour molecules pushing outward on a surface

113
Q

saturation vapour pressure

A

when molecules come back to liquid in the form of condensation

114
Q

when temp is at its lowest, humidity is at its _____

A

highest

115
Q

lifting condensation level

A

elevation at which the dew point is reached

116
Q

lapse rate

A

the rate at which temperature changes in atmosphere with elevation change

117
Q

rain shadow effect

A

explains drier climates behind topographic barriers like mountains
- air masses are forced up and over mountains and reach dew point going up
- then descend over with little vapour on the other side

118
Q

compression warming

A

warming an air mass through pressure

GEOG 111 (5 decks)

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