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biology 1610 > quiz 3 > Flashcards

quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a substrate

A

molecule that an enzyme binds with

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2
Q

what is the active site of an enzyme

A

where the substrate binds

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3
Q

how do pH and temp. affect enzyme activity

A

temp can slow down or rapidly increase a reactions, while also potentially causing it to denature. pH can also affect the activity of an enzyme, but also affect the charge and shape of the substrate

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4
Q

competitive enzyme inhibition

A

occurs when similar molecules bind to the active site of substrate preventing that actual substrate from binding

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5
Q

non-competitive enzyme inhibition

A

occurs when the inhibitor binds at an allosteric site different from the active site of substrate binding; can bind to both enzymes and enzyme substrate complex’s

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6
Q

how does feedback regulation regulation metabolic pathways

A

the cell responds to the amount of product in order to regulate its further production; the process stops the pathway to prevent further production of product until the concentration decreases

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7
Q

what is a autotroph

A

organism capable of living exclusively on inorganic molecules, water and energy source (sunlight)

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8
Q

what is a heterotroph

A

organism that requires preformed organic molecules to live (ie carbs, lipids)

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9
Q

what is oxidation

A

a redox reaction where there is a loss of electrons

Na + Cl –> Na+ + Cl-

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10
Q

what is reduction

A

a redox reaction where there is a gain of electrons

Na + Cl –> Na+ + Cl-

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11
Q

reaction for cellular respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 O2 + 6 H2O + energy

oxidized: hydroge to oxygen
reduction: oxygen to water

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12
Q

what are the roles of NAD+ and FAD

A

these function as electron donors/reducing agents; they accept electrons from other from other molecules and becomes reduced/oxidized. NAD+ is the oxidized form and NADH is the reduced form; FAD is the oxidized form and FADH is the reduced form (FAD and NAD+ get reduced)

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13
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

type of phosphorylation that occurs in glycolysis; making ATP using an enzyme; less effective way to make ATP compared to oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

what is glycolysis

A

-breakdown of glucose through oxidation
-splits glucose into two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate)
-transfers energy to ATP and NADH + H+
-no O2 is needed as it takes place in anaerobic conditions
- occurs in cytoplasm

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15
Q

what are the first five rxns. know as energy investment and the last five and energy payoff

A

the first five rxns are know as this as they are investing energy in the form of ATP, while the last five are know as this because there is a energy formed and glucose has become partially oxidized

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16
Q

inputs and outputs of glycolysis

A

inputs: glucose, ATP, and NAD+
outputs: NADH, ATP and pyruvate

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17
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

inputs: glucose, ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NAD+
outputs: ethanol, CO2, ATP and NAD+

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18
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

inputs: glucose, ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NAD+
outputs: lactate, ATP, and NAD+

this explains why your muscles are sore after working out; lack of energ

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19
Q

what is pyruvate oxidation

A

transition steps that occurs in the matrix of mitocondria and continues breakdown of glucose; oxidized to form acetate and CO2, reduced NAD+, and links with CoA

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20
Q

inputs and outputs of pyruvate oxidation

A

inputs: pyruvate, CoA, and NAD+
outputs: acetyl CoA, and NADH

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21
Q

what is the citric acid cycle

aka Krebs Cycle

A

series of chem. rxns. completes the breakdown of glucose through the oxidation of acetyl CoA, and releasing energy to NADH and FADH2; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

22
Q

inputs and outputs of citric acid cycle

A

inputs: acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD+, and ADP
outputs (per acetyl CoA): NADH, CO2, ATP, FADH

23
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

last step of cellular repiration that uses chemiosomis and the ETC to produce ATP; occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria

24
Q

what is the electron transport chain

A

terminal (spontaneous) rxns of cellular respiration that drive the production of ATP; electrons pass through NADH and FADH2 through the terminal electron acceptor, which is O2

NADH = produced in cytoplasm; FADH = produced in pryuvate oxidation & KC

25
Q

proton motive force (pmf)

A

proton gradient and electrical charge difference produced by chemiosmotic proton pumping; assits in ATP synthase

26
Q

chemiosmosis

A

ATP formation in mitochondria (& chloroplasts); results from active transport of protons across membrane followed by diffusion of protons through ATP synthase

27
Q

what does ATP synthase do

A

enzyme the produced ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphates; this production is done through the energy derived from gradient of protons

28
Q

inputs and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation

A

inputs: electrons (NADH and FADH2) and O2
outputs: ATP (~30-36/cell)

29
Q

what are some photosynthetic organisms

A

plants, algea, and some bacteria

30
Q

what is the carbon cycle

A

process in which carbon cyces through the atmosphere; photosynthetic cells consume CO2, H2O and carbs, while heterotrphic cells consume O2 and carbs, & produce CO2 and H2O

31
Q

reaction for photosynthesis

A

light energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
H2O is oxidized to O2; CO2 is reduced to C6H12O6 (glucose)

32
Q

what is the role NADP+

photosynthesis

A

key electron acceptor in photosynthesis: NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+

33
Q

what wavelengths of electromagnetic energy span the visible spectrum

A

visible wavelengths cover a range from abt 0.4-0.7um; longest is red and the shortest is violet

34
Q

what is pigment

A

substance that absorbs visible light; light receptors

35
Q

what determines the color of pigment

A

pigments absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect specific wavelengths that produce color; when plants are darker green they do that to make up for loss of light, when they are lighter green they do not need to make up for loss of light

36
Q

difference between the ground and excited state of electrons

A

when pigments absorb light, electrons are raised to a higher energy state and therefore less stable; difference in energy between the twp is equal to that in a photon

37
Q

what are light reactions

A

first part of photosynthesis; the absorption of light (through pigments) transfers energy to biological molecules; occur in thylakoid membrane

38
Q

what are photosystems

A

light harvesting units in photosynthesis located on the thylakoid membrane, consists of:
-light harvesting complexes (pigments)
- reaction center (chlorophyll a)
- primary electron acceptor
two differents types, that absorb light at different wavelengths

39
Q

photosystem II

A

has a peak absorbancy at 600nm; primary electron acceptor is pheophytin; has ability to split water into O2 *only this photosystem can do this

40
Q

photosystem I

A

has a peak absorbancy at 700nm; primary electron acceptor is ferredoxin

41
Q

inputs/outputs of light reactions

A

inputs: light, H2O, NADP+, and ADP
outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH

42
Q

noncyclic photophosphorylation

A

production of ATP in a non linear path of electrons flowing via chemiosmosis; primary pathway of energy transformation in light rxns; produce NADPH, ATP & O2

43
Q

cytochrome complex

A

similar to protien complex in mitochondria; is reduced and H+ are pumped across thylakoid membrane

44
Q

cyclic phosphorylation

A

route of electron flow during light rxn of photosynthesis that involve only PS1; produce ATP and only ATP for when extra is needed (ATP is in high demand for productive cells)

45
Q

what is the calvin cycle

A

fixation and reduction of CO2 in the stroma; similar to citric acid cycle; uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar

46
Q

step 1 of calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation; CO2 and RuBP are inputed to produce 3PG through the enzyme rubisco

47
Q

step 2 of calvin cycle

A

reduction; 3PG, ATP, and NADPH are inputed to produce G3P, ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+; G3P is reduced & ADP and NADP+ are oxidized

48
Q

step 3 of calvin cycle

A

RuBP regeneration; where RuBP comes from and requires ATP to be produced; G3P and ATP are inputed to produce RuBP and ADP (then returned to be used in light rxns)

49
Q

inputs/outputs of calvin cycle

A

inputs: CO2, ribulose, RuBP, NADPH and ATP
outputs: ADP, inorganic phosphate, NADP+, and sugars

50
Q

what does rubisco do

A

enzyme used in step 1 of calvin cycle, responsible for fixation of CO2 from the atmosphere; most abundant enzyme on earth

biology 1610 (7 decks)

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