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biology 1610 > cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis > Flashcards

cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

what are some of the reasons why cell division occurs in multicellular organisms?

A

growth, replace dead/injured cells, development (changing form), reproduction, and different tissues may need more cells depending on function and enviornment

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2
Q

what is interphase?

A

period between divisions in the cell cycle

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3
Q

what happens during G0 phase?

A

nondividing state; where cells that do not pass the G1 checkpoint go

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4
Q

what happens during G1 phase?

A

RNA and protein synthesis occurs (no DNA synthesis yet)

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5
Q

what happens during S phase?

A

DNA synthesis/replication occurs

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6
Q

what happens during G2 phase?

A

RNA and protein synthesis occur and cell size increases (in preparation for mitosis or meiosis)

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7
Q

what happens during the M phase?

A
  1. mitosis - division of nucleus
  2. cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm
    two daughter cells are produced
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8
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

cell that forms the body of multicellular organisms

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9
Q

what are gametes?

A

cells involved in reproduction; sex cells

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10
Q

what is mitosis?

A

part of M phase and is the process involving the division of the nucleus in which chromosome #/cell stays the same

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11
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm; final step of cell cycle

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12
Q

what happens at the G1 checkpoint?

A

checking for the right time, right place, and right number, as well as if the DNA was made correctly; cells that do not pass this checkpoint go into the G0 phase

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13
Q

what happens at the G2 checkpoint?

A

checking to make sure the DNA looks okay and that the chromosomes are replicated

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14
Q

what happens at the M checkpoint?

A

checking to make sure sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindles that seperate them

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15
Q

what are cyclins?

A

proteins required to activate kinase subunits of CDKs; increase/decrease in and out of sync with cell cycle

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16
Q

what are cyclin dependant kinases?

A

aka CDKs, catalyze addition of phosphate groups from ATP to target proteins involved in cell cycle (phosporylation activates/deavtivates target proteins; enzyme that adds phosphate

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17
Q

how do cyclins and CDKs regulate cell cycle?

A

cyclin activates protein kinase forming a cyclin-cdk complex, this complex then acts as a signal to the cell to pass to the next phase of the cell cycle; proteolysis deactivate protein kinase

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18
Q

what happens when cell cycle control is lost?

A

cancer happens when control to cell cycle is lost and there is no regulation; cancer cells have abnormal characteristics, including immortality, no density-dependant inhibiton, and no anchorage dependance.

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19
Q

chromatid

A

one chromatin supramolecule (DNA and protein molecule); half of a duplicated chromosome

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20
Q

what is prophase?

A

first phase of mitosis where chromatin condenses, centrosomes move to opposite poles and microtubles/asters begin to form; nuclear envelope is still visible

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21
Q

what is metaphase?

A

second phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate; mitotic spindle

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22
Q

what is anaphase?

A

third phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate to daughter chromosomes. daughter chromosomes move toward poles and centrosomes pushed apart by non-kinetochore microtubules

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23
Q

what is telophase?

A

fourth phase of mitosis where microtubules elongate cell and daughter chromosomes move to poles, nuclear envelope reforms, chromatin relaxes and cytokinesis begins

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24
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

last phase of mitosis where the cytoplasm of the cell splits into two daughter cells

25
what is the centrosome?
major microtubule organizing center of cells and contains two centrioles; in all organism expect plants and some protists
26
what is the kinetochore?
protein complex located within centromere (where chromatids bind to become chromosomes) and contains motor proteins that assist with moving chromosomes
27
cytokinesis in animals
cleavage furrow is formed; occurs through the furrowing of the cytoplasm and final splitting of the membrane with contractile ring
28
cytokinesis in plants
cell plate/wall is formed in-between cells two separate into two daughter nuclei
29
what is binary fission?
the way in which prokaryotic cells reproduce where one body is separated into two. the organism duplicated it DNA and then splits into two giving one copy to each new cell
30
what is asexual reproduction?
mode of reproduction where there is only a single parent; ex: binary fission, budding, regeneration
31
what is sexual reproduction?
mode of reproduction where there is two parents combining genetic information
32
advantages of asexual reproduction?
time efficient, no need for male, requires less energy
33
advantages of sexual reproduction?
genetics are more unique and there is more variation, offspring is more protected, higher disease resistance
34
what are autosomes?
any chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
35
what are sex chromosomes?
determine biological sex of an individual; are X and Y in mammals; XX=female, XY=male
36
ploidy
number of sets of chromosomes present in cell or organism
37
haploid
one set of chromosomes, in gametes (1n); in humans 1n=23
38
diploid
two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent, in somatic cells (2n); in humans 2n=46
39
egg and sperm are __________.
haploid
40
any cells that is not a sex cell is _______.
diploid
41
what is meiosis?
two cell division in sexually reproducing organisms
42
meiosis I
reduces number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
43
meiosis II
produces four daughter cells from haploid to daughter
44
what happens in prophase I?
homologs pair up and tetrads begin to form, chiasmata becomes visible and crossing over takes place
45
what happens in metaphase I?
homologous chromosomes (pair of chromosomes) lineup on equatorial plate, each connected to a chromosome
46
what happens in anaphase I?
homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles; whole chromosomes are splitting apart
47
what happens during telophase I?
nuclear envelopes reform and cytokinesis begins or cell briefly enters interphase and being meiosis II
48
what happens during prophase II?
chromosomes condense and new spindles form; no DNA synthesis during brief interphase between meiosis I and II
49
what happens during metaphase II?
chromosomes line up on equatorial plate
50
what happens during anaphase II?
chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles' daughter chromosomes differ from parent due to crossing over and random assortment
51
what happens during telophase II?
four haploid daughter cells are produced that are not identical but functionally the same
52
what is the chiasmata?
crossed strands of non-sister chromatids seen in prophase I on meiosis; strands break and reattach on other chromatid resulting in an exchange of genetic material
53
what is a tetrad?
pair of chromosomes, consisting of four chromatids
54
similarities between mitosis and meiosis
both begin with diploid parent cell, produce new cells, involve cell division, involved dna replication, same basic steps (prophase, metaphase...)
55
differences between meiosis and mitosis
mitosis = 2 daughter cells (genetically identical to parent, results in diploid cells, divides once, no crossing over, creates somatice cells meiosis= 4 daughter cells (geneticall unique from parents & other offspring), results in haploid cells, cell divides twice, crossing over in prophase, sister chromatids do not seperate till anaphase II, produces gamete cells
56
how does meiosis and sexual reproduction lead to genetic variation?
crossing over (in prophase I), independant assortment of chromosomes, and random fertilization of gametes
57
independant assortment of chromosomes
homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I; each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independantly of the other pairs
58
random fetilization
the random fusion of two gametes will produce a zygote with any of 64 trillion diploid combos
59
sexual reproduction
produces new combos of varient genes, adding more genetic diversity; mutations are original source of genetic variation

biology 1610 (7 decks)

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