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biology 1610 > mendelian genetics > Flashcards

mendelian genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the characteristics of a good model organism?

A

short life span/reproduction cycle, observable, easy to take care of in lab; common examples include bacteria (e. coli), pea plants, fruit flies

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2
Q

theories of inheritance?

A

blending, influential, and particulate

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3
Q

“blending” hypothesis

A

theory of inheritance where genetic material contributed by two parent mixes like how blue and yellow paints mix to make green; was disproved following the reappearance of traits in F2 generation

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4
Q

“influential” hypothesis

A

theory of inheritance where Aristotle contented that fathers contributed the most offspring; was disproved through reciprocal crosses

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5
Q

“particulate” hypothesis

A

theory of inheritance where parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes), like card shuffled in a deck; was supported through mendels experiments.

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6
Q

trait

A

variant of character/characteristics

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7
Q

character(istic)

A

heritable feature

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8
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA that helps determine characteristic

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9
Q

allele

A

alternate forms of a gene

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10
Q

what is a monohybrid cross?

A

matings between individuals that differ in only one characteristic; homozygous genotypes which result in opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait; responsible for inheritance of one gene

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11
Q

what are the genotypes of the P generation?

monohybrid cross

A

yellow seed = YY; green seed = yy

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12
Q

what are the genotypic and phenotypic proportions of the F1 and F2 generations?

monohybrid cross

A

F1= 100 % yellow ( genotype: Yy)
F2 3/4 yellow (genotype: 1/4 YY & 1/2 Yy), 1/4 green (genotype: 1/4 yy)

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13
Q

what is a reciprocal cross?

A

breeding expierment designed to test the role of parental sex on a given inheritance pattern; a cross in which the sex of two parents is reversed

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14
Q

what are dominant traits?

A

traits that appear in the F1 generation; both parent and offspring are affected by the trait related to the gene; determined by the allele

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15
Q

what are dominant alleles?

A

the allele the is expressed out of the two version of the allele that were given from parents; determines the trait; written in uppercase letters, first letter of discription

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16
Q

what are recessive traits?

A

traits that disappear in the F1 generation; trait that is expressed only when the genotype is homozygous

17
Q

what are recessive alleles?

A

a type of allele that when present on its own will not affect the individual; written as lowercase letters

18
Q

what are genotypes?

A

actual alleles present in individual, denoted by two letter for each gene

19
Q

what are phenotypes?

A

observable/visible trait

20
Q

homozygous genotypes

A

have 2 of the same allele for a particular gene

21
Q

homozygous dominant

example

A

YY

22
Q

homozygous recessive

example

A

yy

23
Q

heterozygous geneotypes

A

have 2 different alleles for a particular gene (denoted as Yy)

24
Q

how do dominant and recessive alleles affect the phenotype of heterozygotes?

A

alleles contribute to the outward appearence of organisms, a dominant allele produces a dominant phenotype in offspring who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent; recessive alleles produce a recessive phenotype and the offspring must have two copies, with one being from each parent in order for the recessive allele to be expressed as the phenotype

25
Q

mendels first postulate

unit factors in pairs

A

genetic characterisitcs controlled by alternative versions of genes, that exit in pairs in individual organisms: each individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent and in monohybrid crosses there are three combos of unit facors (YY, Yy, yy)

26
Q

mendels second postulate

dominance and resecciveness

A

if the two alleles at a locus differ: one allele, the dominant allele, determine the organisms phenotype; the other allele, recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organisms phenotype

27
Q

mendels third postulate

law of segregation

A

the two alleles for a heritable character seperate (segregate) suring gamete formation and end up in different gametes; the two alleles segregate to offspring randomly (true for unlinked genes)

28
Q

how do you use a punnett square to determine the genotypic and phenotypic proportions of the offspring of a cross?

A

you can use a punnett square to determine this by putting the gametes of parent 1 on the top of the square, and gamete of parent 2 on the left side of the square, using this you can see the resulting offspring based off where the alleles intersect; the square as a whole represents 100% of offspring, while a single square within the square represent 25% of offspring

29
Q

if given the genotypic or phenotypic proportions of offspring, how do you use a punnett square to determine the genotypes of the parents that produced that offspring?

A

…

30
Q

what is a test cross?

A

cross of individual with dominant phenotype but unknown genotype, with recessive homozygous individual; can determine genotype of individual with dominant phenotype but unknown genotype

31
Q

when would you do a test cross and what information can it give you?

A

would do a this procedure to identify whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is heterozygous or homozygous for a specific allele; this information can determine the genotype of individuals with dominant phenotypes but an unknown genotype

32
Q

what is a dihybrid cross?

A

two characters that are different produces F1 offspring heterozygous for two characters: YYRR (yellow round) * yyrr (green wrinkled)

33
Q

what are the genotypes of the P generation?

dihybrid cross

A

genotypes of parents = YYRR (yellow round) & yyrr (green wrinkled)

34
Q

what are the genotypic and phenotypic proportions of the F1 and F2 generations?

dihybrid cross

A

F1: YyRr (yellow round)
F2: 9/16 YyRr (yellow round), 3/16 yyRr (green round), 3/16 Yyrr (yellow wrinkled), & 1/16 yyrr (green wrinkled)
ratio = 9:3:3:1

35
Q

mendels fourth postulate

law of independant assortment

A

using information from a dihybrid cross, mendel deceloped the law of independant assortment: each pair of alleles segregates independantly during gamete foundation; reflects the rules of probability

36
Q

rule of multiplication

product or “and” law

A

probability that two or more outcomes will occur together = product of their individual probabilities; ie probability of getting rr = 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4

37
Q

rule of addition

sum law

A

probability that any two or more exclusive events will occur = sum of thier individual probabilities; ie probability of Rr = 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2

biology 1610 (7 decks)

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