Quiz 3

Question 1

Name and describe two different measures of biodiversity

Answer 1

1) Species richness: number of species in an area

2) Species diversity: number of species and their relative abundances in an area (heterogeneity)

Question 2

Four main factors affect species richness and diversity on islands; what are they?

Answer 2

1) Latitude
2) Time
3) Habitat size
4) Distance from other communities

Question 3

True or false: Mammal diversity increases as you get closer to the equator

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Describe the relationship between time and biodiversity

Answer 4

• Biodiversity increases over time when there’s colonization of a new environment and succession occurs
• Biodiversity decreases over time where there is invasive species introduction, human activity, and/or a natural disaster event

Question 5

Describe the relationship between biodiversity and habitat size

Answer 5

The bigger the habitat, the more biodiverse

Question 6

Describe the relationship between distance from other communities/ land masses and biodiversity

Answer 6

The further from other communities, the less biodiverse

Question 7

EO Wilson studied:

Answer 7

Ants

Question 8

What did EO Wilson’s studies lead to?

Answer 8

The theory of island biogeography based on:

1) Species-area relationships
2) Effect of isolation
3) Species turnover (immigration and emigration/extinction)

Question 9

True or false: Small, far away islands are most likely to be the least biodiverse

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Can the theory of island biogeography be applied to habitat ‘islands’ on larger land masses?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

The Bahamas’ biota is probably younger than ___ million years old

Answer 11

65

Question 12

True or false: Recent colonization of the Bahamas islands happened during the last ice age when the sea level was lower (2.5 million - 11,700 years ago)

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Isolation can result in ______

Answer 13

speciation

Question 14

____% of reptile species are endemic in the bahamas

Answer 14

68

Question 15

Describe the geological history reefs

Answer 15

Approximately 3.5 billion years ago microbialites began to appear in the fossil record (first reef builders)
-At the start of the paleozoic era the first stony corals and algal reefs began to form

Question 16

______ corals were reef builders in the paleozoic era

Answer 16

Rugose (horn corals)

Question 17

Describe some limiting factors of corals (their needs)

Answer 17

• Warm sea temperature (>68 degrees F)
• High light (shallow water)
• Marine salinites (32-35ppt)
• Low turbidity

Question 18

What are some coral growth factors?

Answer 18

• Strong sea water currents, wave action
• Reef growth and balance between growth and bioerosion
• Reef growth must respond to rises and falls of the sea level

Question 19

Give an example of bioerosion

Answer 19

Urchins can scrape and erode coral into sand

Question 20

Corals have a symbiotic relationship with what?

Answer 20

Algae

Question 21

Name 4 types of reefs

Answer 21

1) Fringing
2) Barrier
3) Atolls
4) Patch

Question 22

Describe coral reproduction

Answer 22

• Asexual through budding when the parent divides

- Sexual reproduction: brooders

Question 23

Describe broadcast spawners in coral

Answer 23

• Male and female gametes are released into the water during a synchronized event
• Multiple environmental cues cause this to happen: temperature,

Question 24

Describe seagrass growth and reproduction

Answer 24

• Seagrasses grow both vertically and horizontally

- They spread by two methods: asexual clonal growth and sexual growth

Question 25

Describe asexual clonal growth in seagrass

Answer 25

-Shoots are connected underground by a network of large root-like structures

Question 26

Describe sexual reproduction of seagrasses

Answer 26

• Male seagrass flowers release pollen from the stamens into the water
• The clumps are moved by currents until they land on the pistil of a female flower
• Small invertebrates, such as amphipods (tiny shrimp-like crustaceans) and polychaetes feed on the seagrass pollen

Question 27

Seagrasses are known as the ________ of the sea

Answer 27

lungs

Question 28

List the different habitats that can be found in the bahamas (book content)

Answer 28

• Costal terrestrial and wetland habitats
• Rocky shores
• Costal beaches and dunes
• Mangroves, mud flats, and salinas
• Costal ponds, marshes, and wetlands

Question 29

List the different terrestrial habitats that can be found in the bahamas (book content)

Answer 29

• Pine forests, pineyards, and pine barrens
• Dry broadleaf evergreen formations or coppice
• Inland limestone coppice
• Costal sand coppice

Question 30

Name the subsurface habitat that can be found in the bahamas (book content)

Answer 30

Caves

Question 31

True or false: many habitat types in the bahamas blend into each other

Answer 31

True

Question 32

As the tide rises, water moves toward the shore. This is called a _____ current.

Answer 32

flood

Question 33

As the tide recedes, the waters move away from the shore. This is called an _____ current.

Answer 33

ebb

Question 34

Describe ocean tides

Answer 34

Basically, tides are very long-period waves that move through the oceans in response to the forces exerted by the moon and sun. Tides originate in the oceans and progress toward the coastlines where they appear as the regular rise and fall of the sea surface.

Question 35

When the highest part, or crest of the wave reaches a particular location, high tide occurs; low tide corresponds to the lowest part of the wave, or its ____. The difference in height between the high tide and the low tide is called the _____ _____.

Answer 35

trough; tidal range

Question 36

A horizontal movement of water often accompanies the rising and falling of the tide. This is called the ____ current.

Answer 36

tidal

Question 37

Describe the conditions that affect ocean current strength

Answer 37

The strongest flood and ebb currents usually occur before or near the time of the high and low tides. The weakest currents occur between the flood and ebb currents and are called “slack water” or “slack current”. In the open ocean tidal currents are relatively weak. Near estuary entrances, narrow straits and inlets, the speed of tidal currents can reach up to several kilometers per hour.

Question 38

______ is one major force that creates tides.

Answer 38

Gravity

Question 39

Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that:

Answer 39

the gravitational attraction between two bodies is directly proportional to their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies

Question 40

The effect of distance on tidal forces is seen in the relationship between the what three things?

Answer 40

sun, the moon, and the Earth’s waters.

Question 41

The sun’s tide-generating force is about ____ that of the moon, and the moon is the dominant force affecting the Earth’s tides.

Answer 41

half

Question 42

Mangrove forests in the Florida Everglades
benefit from _____ and ______ washed up during some major hurricanes, and
that helps coastal areas adapt to rising seas,

Answer 42

nutrients and sediment

Question 43

The study found the effect of hurricanes is so dramatic that two major storms in
Florida raised the coastal elevation in parts of Everglades-area mangroves by more
than ____ inches each time,

Answer 43

2