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Tropical Island Ecology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe seagrasses

A

Three species, but dominated by one: Thala

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2
Q

True or false: Many species contribute to the sediment

A

True

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3
Q

Are seaweeds plantae or protista?

A

Depends on who you ask

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4
Q

Describe phylum chlorophyta (green seaweeds)

A
  • Thallus is calcified
  • Resistant to disturbances
  • Dominant pigment is chlorophyll
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5
Q

Describe phylum phaeophyta (brown seaweeds)

A
  • Few species in subtropical/tropical waters
  • Thallus can be thick and tough
  • Dominant pigment is fucoxanthin
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6
Q

Describe phylum rhodophyta (red seaweeds)

A
  • Largest and most diverse group with 4,000 species
  • Thallus can be calcified; help build reefs
  • Dominant pigment is phycoerythrin
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7
Q

What creatures are in phylum porifera? Describe this group.

A

Sponges

  • Multicellular without tissues
  • Filter feeders
  • No symmetry
  • Skeleton of spicules (made of calcium or silica)
  • Cells have flagella
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8
Q

What creatures are in phylum cnidaria? Describe this group.

A

Corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones

  • Soft, sac-like body plan
  • Radial symmetry
  • Tissues are present (nerve and muscle)
  • Polyp (coral) and medusa (jellyfish) forms
  • Polyps are attached to something
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9
Q

What creatures are in phylum mollusca?

A

Clams, squid, and octopi

  • Have a shell for support
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Has a muscular foot, a mantle that secretes the shell, and a radula (tongue)
  • Class gastropods has spiral shaped shells (ex: conches)
  • Class cephalopod: octopi, squids
  • Class bivalves: they have two shells
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10
Q

What creatures are in phylum annelida?

A

Featherduster worms, fire worms

  • Segmented worms
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Complete circulatory system
  • Largest group is the polychaetes
  • Have nerve and muscle tissue
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11
Q

Describe coral polyps

A
  • Mostly made of calcium carbonate; a hard coral
  • Corals are colonial creatures
  • Get their nourishment in 2 ways: zooxanthellae photosynthesize to give them energy; have stinging cells to consume small organisms like phytoplankton.
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12
Q

What are the two main types of corals?

A

Soft corals and hard (stony) corals

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13
Q

How many hearts and brains does an octopus have?

A

3 hearts and 9 brains

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14
Q

What creatures are in phylum arthropoda? Describe this group.

A
  • Crabs, lobsters, etc.
  • Exoskeleton
  • Appendages have joints
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15
Q

What creatures are in phylum echinodermata? Describe this group.

A

Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

  • Moves by tube feet
  • Radial symmetry
  • Body of calcium-based plates
  • Donkey Dung sea cucumber most common sea cucumber in San Salvador
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16
Q

Chiton is a part of what class?

A

Polyplacophora

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17
Q

A snail’s “teeth” are called its ______

A

radula

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18
Q

Define invertebrates

A

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone or vertebral column.

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19
Q

There are only five main categories of vertebrates, what are they?

A

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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20
Q

Over __% of all animals on Earth are invertebrates, and they make up over 1.3 million different species

A

90%

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21
Q

There are currently about ______ known species of vertebrates

A

66,000

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22
Q

All organisms in the animal kingdom fall into two main categories, what are they?

A

Invertebrates and vertebrates

23
Q

What were the first to evolve, vertebrates or invertebrates?

A

Invertebrates

24
Q

Describe phylum porifera as described in the invertebrate document

A

Phylum Porifera (5,500 species) contains the organisms commonly known as sponges. These organisms are predominantly sessile, meaning they are immobile, but immature larval sponges produced during reproduction can migrate from one location to another. Sponges are filter-feeders; they “eat” by pulling water into their pores, absorbing nutrients, and then expelling the water through a large opening called an osculum.

25
Q

Describe phylum cnidaria as described in the invertebrate document

A

Phylum Cnidaria (10,000 species), contains “stinging organisms” — animals containing specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes that can inject paralyzing and painful venom into their prey. This phylum includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemone, and microscopic organisms known as hydra. Coelenterates also have a simple gastro-vascular system, as their digestive system also serves as their circulatory system and only has one opening, which functions as both the mouth and the anus. They are also always radially symmetrical, meaning these are circular organisms that do not have a “left side” or a “right side” (though they usually have a “top side” and a “bottom side”).

26
Q

Describe phylum mollusca as described in the invertebrate document

A

Phylum Mollusca (100,000 species) is one of the largest and most diverse of the invertebrate phyla, second only to Phylum Arthropoda. All mollusks have a soft, squishy body called a visceral mass, though most protect it with a hard outer shell. If the mollusk has a shell, it is made by a specialized tissue called the mantle. Many mollusks are used by humans, including crabs and lobsters, squid, and even snails (which make a popular dish called “escargot”). Most mollusks fit into one of three main groups: Gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves.

27
Q

Describe the 3 groups within phylum mollusca

A

1) Gastropods: This is the largest class of mollusks and contains both snails (which have a shell) and slugs (which don’t). Their name means “stomach-foot.”
2) Bivalves: All bivalves have an external shell made of two hinged halves. This class includes clams, oysters, and scallops.
3) Cephalopods: This class includes octopuses, squids, and chambered nautiluses. The name cephalopod means “head-foot,” a reference to the fact that most cephalopods look like a large head with many tentacles. All cephalopods are voracious marine predators, and octopuses are considered the most intelligent of all
invertebrates.

28
Q

Describe phylum annelida as described in the invertebrate document

A

Phylum Annelida (16,500) is the only category of worms to have bodies divided into repeating segments; for this reason they are called the segmented worms. The most common and well-known examples of annelids are the earthworms, though leeches are also members of this phylum.

29
Q

Describe phylum arthropoda as described in the invertebrate document

A 
Phylum Arthropoda (1,000,000 species) is the largest phylum in the Animal Kingdom, both in terms of number of species and number of organisms; scientists estimate there may be a billion billion (1018) arthropods living on Earth! The name "arthropod" means jointed foot; all arthropods have jointed legs or appendages. They also have hard exoskeletons and bodies divided into segments (usually head, thorax, and abdomen). One of the main categories is:
1) Crustaceans; This diverse group of mostly aquatic arthropods includes crabs, lobsters, crawfish, and shrimp. The number of appendages varies from 3 pairs to over 19 pairs, all with specialized functions. One common form of terrestrial crustacean is the pill bug, also called a roly-poly or doodle bug.
30
Q

Describe phylum enchinodermata as described in the invertebrate document

A

Phylum Echinodermata (7,000 species) is named for its spiny skin and is made up of sea stars (formerly called “starfish”), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars. Echinoderms are unique in that they are highly evolved invertebrates, having complex organ systems and undergoing a form of embryonic development very similar to vertebrates. However, they also have radial symmetry and are capable of regeneration, two characteristics seen in simpler, less-developed invertebrates. All echinoderms move via a water-vascular system which uses water pressure to fill thousands of tiny tube feet, enabling the echinoderm to cling to almost any surface.

31
Q

Describe the summary given at the end of the invertebate document

A

1) Phylum Porifera: The Sponges
o Sessile (immobile) filter feeders
2) Phylum Coelenterata (also called Phylum Cnidaria): The Stingers
o Animals with specialized stinging cells
o Jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones
3) Phylum Mollusca: The Squishy ones
o Have a soft visceral mass often surrounded by a hard protective shell
o Includes a variety of important classes
 Gastropods (snails and slugs)
 Bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops)
 Cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and chambered nautiluses)
4) Phylum Annelida: The Segmented Worms
o Bodies are subdivided into repeating segments
o Includes earthworms and leeches
5) Phylum Arthropoda: The Hard Ones
o Have a hard exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed appendages
o Includes a variety of important classes like crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, crawfish, pill bugs, and shrimp)
6) Phylum Echinodermata: The Spiny Ones
o Have spiny skin and complex organ systems (for invertebrates)
o Includes sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers

32
Q

Less than ____ miles from the coast of southern Florida, the islands of the Bahamas attract over ____ million tourists annually for their tropical climate, history of colonialism and piracy, and beautiful beaches of white carbonate sand.

A

200; 500 million

33
Q

With more than ___ islands and cays, totaling about _____ square miles of land, much of the country’s wildlife lives at the boundary between land and sea. The relatively undisturbed coastal environments of most islands in the Bahamas provide excellent opportunities for scientists to study island biogeography, climate change, and the evolutionary history of these biological communities.

A

700; 6,000

34
Q

By better understanding the nature of these coastal biomes, we can:

A

be better informed on the importance of conserving coastal wildlife when proposing new public policy that could have environmental implications

35
Q

A ______ is a collection of ecosystems containing communities with similar characteristics and structure, typically due to similar climate and environmental conditions.

A

biome

36
Q

Describe the coral reef biome

A

Probably the most well known of coastal biomes, coral reefs are critical centers of marine biodiversity, easily competing with tropical rainforests for the number of species they may harbor. Central to the development to any coral reef is the animal for which the reefs are named. Corals are marine invertebrates closely related to sea anemones (class Anthozoa), that build complex external skeletons out of calcium carbonate, the same material found in clam shells and limestone. As generations go by, coral skeletons continue to build on top of each other until they create complex topographies that makes the environment a 3-dimensional oasis in an otherwise empty ocean “desert”. As a result, countless groups of animal life from fish to urchins are able to find refuge in the complex structure, hunt for prey, and gather for reproduction.

Coral reefs are typically found in shallow waters and are frequently located around islands and cays. The carbonate platform upon which the islands of the Bahamas form allows for the development of large reef systems.

37
Q

Describe the seagrass bed biome

A

Seagrasses are fully marine angiosperms (flowering plants) that typically inhabit shallow coastal waters. Seagrass “meadows” can be found near sandy beaches, adjacent to coral reefs, or in association with mangrove coasts (see below). With their roots attached to the ocean floor and leaves growing upwards, seagrasses can stabilize sediment and provide animals with protection from wave action and tidal changes. While not as diverse as coral reefs, seagrass beds support rich infaunal (beneath sediment) and pelagic (free-swimming) communities of their own and serve as a food source or nursery for deeper-water organisms.

While corals have a long evolutionary history that spans back to the Cambrian Period (540 million years ago), seagrasses evolved much more recently in the Cretaceous Period (145-66 million years ago), when dinosaurs still walked the Earth. They have since been prominent members of the coastal environments and continue to be widespread throughout the tropics.

38
Q

Describe the mangrove coast biome

A

Mangroves (genus Rhizophora) are trees that grow well along tropical coasts. They are tolerant of both high salinity and low oxygen, allowing them to grow in standing bodies of marine or brackish water. Coastlines with thick mangrove coverage are sometimes referred to as mangal biomes. Beneath the water, many marine organisms take advantage of the coverage and organic input that mangrove roots provide. Mangroves may exist in conjunction with other coastal biomes, such as seagrass beds, depending on the water level at low tide. Because of this coexistence, there can be considerable overlap in community composition between mangrove and seagrass biomes.

Because dense mangrove coasts offer excellent protection, they often serve as nurseries for reef fish and other organisms that typically live in more exposed waters. Therefore, it’s not uncommon to find sharks or manatees opting to raise their young in the thickets.

39
Q

Describe the sandy shores biome

A

While a shore of white sand sounds perfect to most beach combers on vacation, the wildlife that inhabits the beach can often be overlooked. Terrestrial crabs, burrowing shrimp, iguanas, and shore birds are only a few of the many organisms that live on or near the sandy shores of the Bahamas. Because of wave action and the tide, the boundary between the terrestrial and marine realms is not easily defined. Sea turtles breech onto shore in order to dig holes for incubating eggs while cormorants and other birds of prey hunt for fish that swim in the shallows.

Because of the wide variety of niches that terrestrial and marine organisms occupy within a beach community, sandy shores are diverse and unique biomes where land and sea meet in more ways than one.

40
Q

Describe the intertidal zones biome

A

Living in shallow water poses a big risk to marine life. As the tide shifts from high to low, many organisms may find themselves trapped above sea level until the tide comes back in. This elevation range at which sea level naturally rises and falls is called the intertidal zone.

As a coastal biome, the intertidal zone is no place for the weak. Organisms that live here must resist the intense energy of the battering waves, usually by adapting a firm grip to bare rock or other sturdy substrate. Furthermore, a resistance to desiccation and protection of sensitive tissues from the dry terrestrial world are critical. Due to these harsh conditions, intertidal biomes are composed of “extremophiles” and otherwise more tolerant organisms than those in safer, less energetic coastal environments.

41
Q

Describe the marine lakes/ ponds biome

A

The carbonate platform that builds the islands of the Bahamas has resulted in the dissolution of exposed limestone into a karst landscape of caves, sinkholes, and inland conduits to the open ocean. Because of these conduits, many islands have inland saline waters in the form of lakes and ponds. During interglacial periods, the ocean rose to levels that allowed marine life to colonize these lake environments before subsequently becoming isolated when sea levels retreated again. Therefore, these marine lakes serve as “islands” of unique biomes likely evolving in response to different environmental conditions.

On San Salvador Island, for example, several marine lakes on the north end of the island are dominated by algae rather than macrophyte vegetation. While many species within inland marine lakes can be found in the open ocean, these lake biomes have a notably low biodiversity compared to the ocean, likely due to an ecological bottleneck resulting from isolation.

42
Q

Scientists examined 125,000 corals across the Asia-Pacific region, home to half the world’s reefs, and found __% of those fouled by plastic were suffering disease. On plastic-free reefs, only __% of the corals were diseased.

A

89%; 4%

43
Q

At least __ million tons of plastic are dumped in the ocean every year and it now pollutes even the remotest corners.

A

8 million

44
Q

The coral diseases particularly associated with plastic are:

A

Skeletal eroding band disease, white syndromes and black band disease.

45
Q

The researchers also estimated that the plastic pollution tarnishing coral reefs in Asia-Pacific will soar by __% by 2025 to 16bn pieces

A

40%

46
Q

A minimum of __ mature conch per hectare is required for there to be a chance for mating success

A

56

47
Q

Describe the role of queen conch in the bahamas

A

The queen conch (Strombus gigas) is a gastropod mollusk found in the western Atlantic Ocean. Queen conchs play an important role as herbivores in the marine environment. They are also culturally and economically important to countries like The Bahamas who rely on them for food and other products. Queen conch are currently listed as endangered on the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species list

48
Q

Where do queen conch typically live?

A

In seagrass beds

49
Q

From the research article for week 3: Researchers captured and observed only ____ species within the Hard Bargain Forest on San Salvador

A

eight

50
Q

From the research article for this week: Researchers captured ____ species on Andros island

A

17

51
Q

From the research article for this week: The Hard Bargain Forest’s community was dominated by one species, the:

A

Pearly-eyed Thrash

52
Q

From the research article for this week: True or false: species richness within the Bahamas increased with island size

A

True

53
Q

How many bird species were found on San Salvador in the study?

A

17

Tropical Island Ecology (6 decks)

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