Quiz 2: Secular Monophony - development of Polyphony Flashcards
What are the two types of secular medieval songs
In Latin: Goliard songs
In the vernacular- songs of troubadors and trouveres
what is a goliard
a dropout student/cleric from society. well educated in latin and music
what is the carmina burana
a collection of goliard songs in middle and high german from 12-13th centuries
what language did the troubadors use
Langue d’oc or Occitan
what is the language of the trouveres
Langue d’oil or Medieval french
troubadors vs trouveres, north or south
Troubadors - South
Trouveres - North
What are minnesingers
poet musicians from germany
What is a Canso
A troubador love song that uses the concept of fin’ amors
what is an alba
also called dawn song, to warn lovers of the approaching sunrise
what are the forme fixes
Rondeau ballade virelai
what are the patterns of the three formes fixes
Rondeau - ABaAabAB
Ballade - aabC
Virelai - AbbaA
what is courtly love (fin’ amours)
views the woman as the unattainable ideal, because she is either married or of a higher social class. Instead of being able to be with her, he does great deeds in her service - love as refining the lover.
Love is a feudal duty and service to the lady
what is strophic
same melody for each stanza
what is polyphony
music consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody - first an improvised practice of singing in parallel 4ths and 5ths
what is organum
a general term for polyphony
what is parallel organum
polyphony where the two voices move in parallel motions
what is mixed parallel and oblique organum
polyphony where the voices move in parallel and oblique motion
what is vox principalis
the original voice of the chant
what is vox organalis
the added voice to the chant
what is saint martial organum (AKA aquitanian polyphony)
a body of polyphonic pieces for the abbey of saint martial in France.
Developed two styles: discant and florid organum
what is discant organum
two voices with 1-3 notes in the upper part to one note in the lower part
what is florid organum
many notes in the upper voices against one note in the lower
in organum/polyphony, what is the lower voice called
the tenor - it holds its notes longer
what is Notre dame polyphony
a period in 12-13th centuries where there was concentrated polyphonic composition mainly around the notre dame school
who are the major composers of notre dame polyphony
leonin and perotin
what types of music did leonin and perotin make? (genres)
organum, conductus, Motet
Paris in the 12 and 13th centuries saw a great flourishing, why?
the University of paris was created, bringing academics and artists from all around europe to study. As well as the cathedral of Notre Dame - which became the centre of polyphonic composition
What is organum (notre dame polyphony)
polyphonic settings applied to the mass propers - responsorial chants specifically, where the polyphonic sections applied to solo sections only
(notre dame polyphony) what is the added voice over the tenor called
duplum
what is organum purum (notre dame)
lower chant voice (tenor) has one note to many notes in the added duplum voice
what is discant clausula
lower chant voice has one note to 2-4 notes in the added duplum voice. applied to sections of the chant that had long melismas
what is conductus
a musical setting of rhymed, rhythmic text - completely original composition without chant base to it. can be with or without cauda
what is cauda?
a melismatic section at the beginning middle or end, often on the first or last syllable of the setting
what are the 4 stages in the Development of the Motet
1) discant clausula - section in polyphonic organum over a melisma in OG chant
2) substitute clausula - new clausula on the original tenor line written for substitution on certain occasions
3) words added to upper voice (called motetus) of the sub clausula
4) new composition over the old tenor line - new upper voices with 1,2, or 3 different texts in the 1,2, or 3 upper voices
what are the rhythmic modes
patterns of ligatures that indicate the predominant rhythm. could group 3+2+2 or 2+2+3
What notation system did Franco of Cologne invent
shape of note determines length: longa➖, brevis▪️, and semibrevis🔹. all notation in compound or triple time
what is the ars nova, what two genres became important
14th century in european music - most important and complex type of music was the isorhythmic motet. The polyphonic chanson also flourished in this period (machaut)
what did Phillipe de vitry do to the franconian notation system
music could be either in duple or triple time - and have duple or triple division of the beat. new note was added aa well, the minim.
Perfect time vs imperfect time modern equivalents
perfect= 3/4 and 9/8
imperfect= 6/8, 2/4
what is an isorhythmic motet
a motet of 3-4 voices where each voice has its own text, each voice has its own level of rhythm, and the tenor has a complex repeating rhythmic pattern called the talea, and a repeating melody called the color
who are two main composers of the ars nova
guillame machaut and phillipe de vitry
