Quiz 2: Secular Monophony - development of Polyphony

Question 1

What are the two types of secular medieval songs

Answer 1

In Latin: Goliard songs
In the vernacular- songs of troubadors and trouveres

Question 2

what is a goliard

Answer 2

a dropout student/cleric from society. well educated in latin and music

Question 3

what is the carmina burana

Answer 3

a collection of goliard songs in middle and high german from 12-13th centuries

Question 4

what language did the troubadors use

Answer 4

Langue d’oc or Occitan

Question 5

what is the language of the trouveres

Answer 5

Langue d’oil or Medieval french

Question 6

troubadors vs trouveres, north or south

Answer 6

Troubadors - South
Trouveres - North

Question 7

What are minnesingers

Answer 7

poet musicians from germany

Question 8

What is a Canso

Answer 8

A troubador love song that uses the concept of fin’ amors

Question 9

what is an alba

Answer 9

also called dawn song, to warn lovers of the approaching sunrise

Question 10

what are the forme fixes

Answer 10

Rondeau ballade virelai

Question 11

what are the patterns of the three formes fixes

Answer 11

Rondeau - ABaAabAB
Ballade - aabC
Virelai - AbbaA

Question 12

what is courtly love (fin’ amours)

Answer 12

views the woman as the unattainable ideal, because she is either married or of a higher social class. Instead of being able to be with her, he does great deeds in her service - love as refining the lover.

Love is a feudal duty and service to the lady

Question 13

what is strophic

Answer 13

same melody for each stanza

Question 14

what is polyphony

Answer 14

music consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody - first an improvised practice of singing in parallel 4ths and 5ths

Question 15

what is organum

Answer 15

a general term for polyphony

Question 16

what is parallel organum

Answer 16

polyphony where the two voices move in parallel motions

Question 17

what is mixed parallel and oblique organum

Answer 17

polyphony where the voices move in parallel and oblique motion

Question 18

what is vox principalis

Answer 18

the original voice of the chant

Question 19

what is vox organalis

Answer 19

the added voice to the chant

Question 20

what is saint martial organum (AKA aquitanian polyphony)

Answer 20

a body of polyphonic pieces for the abbey of saint martial in France.

Developed two styles: discant and florid organum

Question 21

what is discant organum

Answer 21

two voices with 1-3 notes in the upper part to one note in the lower part

Question 22

what is florid organum

Answer 22

many notes in the upper voices against one note in the lower

Question 23

in organum/polyphony, what is the lower voice called

Answer 23

the tenor - it holds its notes longer

Question 24

what is Notre dame polyphony

Answer 24

a period in 12-13th centuries where there was concentrated polyphonic composition mainly around the notre dame school

Question 25

who are the major composers of notre dame polyphony

Answer 25

leonin and perotin

Question 26

what types of music did leonin and perotin make? (genres)

Answer 26

organum, conductus, Motet

Question 27

Paris in the 12 and 13th centuries saw a great flourishing, why?

Answer 27

the University of paris was created, bringing academics and artists from all around europe to study. As well as the cathedral of Notre Dame - which became the centre of polyphonic composition

Question 28

What is organum (notre dame polyphony)

Answer 28

polyphonic settings applied to the mass propers - responsorial chants specifically, where the polyphonic sections applied to solo sections only

Question 29

(notre dame polyphony) what is the added voice over the tenor called

Answer 29

duplum

Question 30

what is organum purum (notre dame)

Answer 30

lower chant voice (tenor) has one note to many notes in the added duplum voice

Question 31

what is discant clausula

Answer 31

lower chant voice has one note to 2-4 notes in the added duplum voice. applied to sections of the chant that had long melismas

Question 32

what is conductus

Answer 32

a musical setting of rhymed, rhythmic text - completely original composition without chant base to it. can be with or without cauda

Question 33

what is cauda?

Answer 33

a melismatic section at the beginning middle or end, often on the first or last syllable of the setting

Question 34

what are the 4 stages in the Development of the Motet

Answer 34

1) discant clausula - section in polyphonic organum over a melisma in OG chant
2) substitute clausula - new clausula on the original tenor line written for substitution on certain occasions
3) words added to upper voice (called motetus) of the sub clausula
4) new composition over the old tenor line - new upper voices with 1,2, or 3 different texts in the 1,2, or 3 upper voices

Question 35

what are the rhythmic modes

Answer 35

patterns of ligatures that indicate the predominant rhythm. could group 3+2+2 or 2+2+3

Question 36

What notation system did Franco of Cologne invent

Answer 36

shape of note determines length: longa➖, brevis▪️, and semibrevis🔹. all notation in compound or triple time

Question 37

what is the ars nova, what two genres became important

Answer 37

14th century in european music - most important and complex type of music was the isorhythmic motet. The polyphonic chanson also flourished in this period (machaut)

Question 38

what did Phillipe de vitry do to the franconian notation system

Answer 38

music could be either in duple or triple time - and have duple or triple division of the beat. new note was added aa well, the minim.

Question 39

Perfect time vs imperfect time modern equivalents

Answer 39

perfect= 3/4 and 9/8
imperfect= 6/8, 2/4

Question 40

what is an isorhythmic motet

Answer 40

a motet of 3-4 voices where each voice has its own text, each voice has its own level of rhythm, and the tenor has a complex repeating rhythmic pattern called the talea, and a repeating melody called the color

Question 41

who are two main composers of the ars nova

Answer 41

guillame machaut and phillipe de vitry