quiz 2 pt 2 Flashcards
Most common types of skin cancer
○ Basal cell carcinoma
○ Squamous cell carcinoma
○ Malignant melanoma
Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer
Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no
longer make keratin
Lesions appear as shiny,
dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer
Basal cell carcinoma
→ Most deadly of skin cancers, but
accounts for only 5 percent of skin
cancers
→ Arises from melanocytes
→ Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
→ Detection uses ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma
Malignant melanoma
→ Believed to be induced by UV
Exposure
→ Arises from cells of stratum spinosum
→ Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow
ulcers
→ Early removal allows a good chance of cure
→ Metastasizes to lymphnodes if not removed
Squamous cell carcinoma
FETAL DEVELOPMENT (2)
Lanugo
Vernix Caseosa
ADOLESCENCE (1)
Acne
Oily substance protecting skin at birth
Vernix Caseosa
Downy hair covering body by 5th or 6th month, disappears by birth
Lanugo
NEWBORN (1)
milia
Due to activated sebaceous glands
Acne
Small white spots on nose and forehead, are at common at birth and disappear by 3rd week
Milia
Yellowish, reddish brown, or black pigment produced by melanocytes. Increased melanin production due to sunlight exposure leads to tanning. Higher melanin levels result in darker skin, while lower levels lead to lighter skin.
melanin
→ Red coloring from blood cells in
dermal capillaries
→ Oxygen content determines the
extent of red coloring
Hemoglobin
→ Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
→ High carotene intake can give the
skin a yellow-orange hue.
Carotene
→ Low oxygen levels in the blood cause
the lips, fingers and toes look blue
→ Poorly oxygenated hemoglobin can
cause a bluish tint in the skin, known as cyanosis.
Cyanosis
→ Reddened skin from embarrassment,
inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
Redness (erythema)
Pale skin due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
Pallor (blanching)
→ Black and blue marks from blood escaping circulation and clotted in tissues, called hematomas.
→ Frequent bruising may indicate vitamin C deficiency or hemophilia.
Bruises (black and blue marks)
→ Yellow skin tone indicates liver disorders with excess bile pigments in the blood.
Jaundice (yellow cast)
Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands
true or false
true
Located all over the skin except for palms and soles. These glands are most numerous on the face.
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Produce sebum (oil) which helps lubricate the skin and hair. Makes skin soft and moist
Prevents hair from becoming brittle
Kills bacteria
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Caused by blocked sebaceous glands. Blackheads result from oxidized, dried sebum; whiteheads are from non-oxidized sebum.
Acne
Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto the skin surface
Glands are activated at puberty
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Produce sweat
Widely distributed in skin
Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands
Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s surface
Produce acidic sweat
Water, salt, vitamin c, traces of metabolic waste
Function in body temperature regulation
Eccrine Glands
Produced by hair follicle
hair
The central core of the hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces.
Central Medulla
2 types of Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands
Eccrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Surrounds the medulla; composed of several layers of flattened cells.
Cortex
Located in the axilla and perineum.
Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals
Begin to function at puberty
Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color), which can develop an odor when bacteria decompose it
Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation
Apocrine Glands
Part projecting from the skin.
Shaft
Part of hair enclosed in the follicle.
Root
The outermost layer of the hair, formed by a single layer of overlapping cells. This is the most heavily keratinized region of the hair, providing strength and helping to keep the inner layers compacted.
Cuticle
Central medulla (core), cortex (bulky layer), and cuticle (outermost layer). The cuticle provides strength and can cause split ends when worn out.
Layer
Associated hair structures
folli-bag)
Composed of an epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath
Hair follicles are present in most skin areas except for specific regions like the palms and soles. The density and orientation of hair follicles vary by ethnicity.
hair follicle
Supplies blood vessels to the hair bulb, the deepest part of the hair follicle.
Hair Papilla
connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened
A small band of smooth muscle cells that os connected to the hair follicle
When contracted, pull the hair upright and cause goosebumps.
Arrector Pili Muscle
Produced by melanin granules depostode by melanocytes.
Hair Color
We form all 8 million hair follicles by the 22nd week of fetal life.
true or false
false
We form all 5 million hair follicles by the 22nd week of fetal life.
Heavily keratinized, scale-like modifications of the epidermis
Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed, which is responsible for growth
NAIL
Nails appear colorless but look pink due to the ???
rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.
The tip of the nail that extends beyond the finger or toe.
Free Edge
The visible, attached portion of the nail.
Body
The portion of the nail embedded in the skin.
Root of nail
Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail.
Nail Folds
The thick proximal nail fold, also known as the eponychium, that covers the base of the nail.
Cuticle
The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail, responsible for nail growth.
Nail bed
The thick, proximal area beneath the cuticle where nail growth occurs.
Nail Matrix
Cover body surfaces
Line body cavities
Form protective sheets around organs
skin and body membranes
skin and body membranes are classified to two tissue types:
epithelial membranes
connective tissue membranes
Can be cutaneous (skin), mucous, or serous membranes.
epithelial Membranes:
Example includes the synovial membrane.
Connective Tissue Membranes:
Are considered as simple organs
Also called covering or lining membranes
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES contain: 2
Epithelial tissue layer
Connective tissue layer
A dry membrane
Covers the body surface
Outermost protective boundary
Cutaneous Membrane
construction of Cutaneous Membrane
epidermis and dermis
: Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Epidermis
: A protein in the epidermis that makes skin water-resistant.
Keratin
: Primarily dense fibrous connective tissue.
dermis
Moist membranes
Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
Nasal cavity
Respiratory Tract
Adapted for absorption or secretion
Mucous Membrane
Loose connective tissue beneath the mucosal epithelium.
Lamina Propria:
Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
-Pericardial
-Pleural
- Abdominal cavities
Occurs in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with visceral and parietal; layer
Serous membrane
Found in serous membranes to prevent friction between organs.
Serous Fluid
Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue)
Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints
- Line bursae
- Line tendon sheet
Secretes lubricating synovial fluid to cushion organs during muscle activity, preventing friction in joints.
Synovial Membrane
Lubricates joints and reduces friction during movement.
Synovial Fluid
