quiz 2 pt 2 Flashcards by chloe ortega

Most common types of skin cancer

○ Basal cell carcinoma
○ Squamous cell carcinoma
○ Malignant melanoma

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Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer

Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no
longer make keratin

Lesions appear as shiny,
dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer

Basal cell carcinoma

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→ Most deadly of skin cancers, but
accounts for only 5 percent of skin
cancers
→ Arises from melanocytes
→ Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
→ Detection uses ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma

Malignant melanoma

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→ Believed to be induced by UV
Exposure
→ Arises from cells of stratum spinosum
→ Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow
ulcers
→ Early removal allows a good chance of cure
→ Metastasizes to lymphnodes if not removed

Squamous cell carcinoma

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FETAL DEVELOPMENT (2)

Lanugo
Vernix Caseosa

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ADOLESCENCE (1)

Acne

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Oily substance protecting skin at birth

Vernix Caseosa

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Downy hair covering body by 5th or 6th month, disappears by birth

Lanugo

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NEWBORN (1)

milia

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Due to activated sebaceous glands

Acne

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Small white spots on nose and forehead, are at common at birth and disappear by 3rd week

Milia

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Yellowish, reddish brown, or black pigment produced by melanocytes. Increased melanin production due to sunlight exposure leads to tanning. Higher melanin levels result in darker skin, while lower levels lead to lighter skin.

melanin

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→ Red coloring from blood cells in
dermal capillaries
→ Oxygen content determines the
extent of red coloring

Hemoglobin

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→ Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
→ High carotene intake can give the
skin a yellow-orange hue.

Carotene

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→ Low oxygen levels in the blood cause
the lips, fingers and toes look blue
→ Poorly oxygenated hemoglobin can
cause a bluish tint in the skin, known as cyanosis.

Cyanosis

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→ Reddened skin from embarrassment,
inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

Redness (erythema)

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Pale skin due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

Pallor (blanching)

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→ Black and blue marks from blood escaping circulation and clotted in tissues, called hematomas.
→ Frequent bruising may indicate vitamin C deficiency or hemophilia.

Bruises (black and blue marks)

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→ Yellow skin tone indicates liver disorders with excess bile pigments in the blood.

Jaundice (yellow cast)

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Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands

true or false

true

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Located all over the skin except for palms and soles. These glands are most numerous on the face.

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

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Produce sebum (oil) which helps lubricate the skin and hair. Makes skin soft and moist

Prevents hair from becoming brittle
Kills bacteria

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

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Caused by blocked sebaceous glands. Blackheads result from oxidized, dried sebum; whiteheads are from non-oxidized sebum.

Acne

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Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto the skin surface

Glands are activated at puberty

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

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Produce sweat Widely distributed in skin

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin's surface Produce acidic sweat Water, salt, vitamin c, traces of metabolic waste Function in body temperature regulation

Eccrine Glands

Produced by hair follicle

hair

The central core of the hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces.

Central Medulla

2 types of Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

Eccrine Glands Apocrine Glands

Surrounds the medulla; composed of several layers of flattened cells.

Cortex

Located in the axilla and perineum. Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals Begin to function at puberty Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color), which can develop an odor when bacteria decompose it Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation

Apocrine Glands

Part projecting from the skin.

Shaft

Part of hair enclosed in the follicle.

Root

The outermost layer of the hair, formed by a single layer of overlapping cells. This is the most heavily keratinized region of the hair, providing strength and helping to keep the inner layers compacted.

Cuticle

Central medulla (core), cortex (bulky layer), and cuticle (outermost layer). The cuticle provides strength and can cause split ends when worn out.

Layer

Associated hair structures folli-bag) Composed of an epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath Hair follicles are present in most skin areas except for specific regions like the palms and soles. The density and orientation of hair follicles vary by ethnicity.

hair follicle

Supplies blood vessels to the hair bulb, the deepest part of the hair follicle.

Hair Papilla

connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened A small band of smooth muscle cells that os connected to the hair follicle When contracted, pull the hair upright and cause goosebumps.

Arrector Pili Muscle

Produced by melanin granules depostode by melanocytes.

Hair Color

We form all 8 million hair follicles by the 22nd week of fetal life. true or false

false We form all 5 million hair follicles by the 22nd week of fetal life.

Heavily keratinized, scale-like modifications of the epidermis Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed, which is responsible for growth

NAIL

Nails appear colorless but look pink due to the ???

rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.

The tip of the nail that extends beyond the finger or toe.

Free Edge

The visible, attached portion of the nail.

Body

The portion of the nail embedded in the skin.

Root of nail

Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail.

Nail Folds

The thick proximal nail fold, also known as the eponychium, that covers the base of the nail.

Cuticle

The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail, responsible for nail growth.

Nail bed

The thick, proximal area beneath the cuticle where nail growth occurs.

Nail Matrix

Cover body surfaces Line body cavities Form protective sheets around organs

skin and body membranes

skin and body membranes are classified to two tissue types:

epithelial membranes connective tissue membranes

Can be cutaneous (skin), mucous, or serous membranes.

epithelial Membranes:

Example includes the synovial membrane.

Connective Tissue Membranes:

Are considered as simple organs Also called covering or lining membranes

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES contain: 2

Epithelial tissue layer Connective tissue layer

A dry membrane Covers the body surface Outermost protective boundary

Cutaneous Membrane

construction of Cutaneous Membrane

epidermis and dermis

: Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Epidermis

: A protein in the epidermis that makes skin water-resistant.

Keratin

: Primarily dense fibrous connective tissue.

dermis

Moist membranes Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface Nasal cavity Respiratory Tract Adapted for absorption or secretion

Mucous Membrane

Loose connective tissue beneath the mucosal epithelium.

Lamina Propria:

Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body -Pericardial -Pleural - Abdominal cavities Occurs in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with visceral and parietal; layer

Serous membrane

Found in serous membranes to prevent friction between organs.

Serous Fluid

Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue) Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints - Line bursae - Line tendon sheet Secretes lubricating synovial fluid to cushion organs during muscle activity, preventing friction in joints.

Synovial Membrane

Lubricates joints and reduces friction during movement.

Synovial Fluid