quiz 2 part 2 Flashcards
bundle of axons in pns
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
bundle of axons in cns
tract
group of cell bodies in pns
ganglion
group of cell bodies in cns
nucleus
lots of dendrites aka cortex
allows enables individuals to control movement, memory, and emotions.
grey matter
lots of axons aka connections
matter throughout the central nervous system
matter in brain and spinal cord
conduct, process, and send nerve signals up and down the spinal cord.
white matter
implications of genetics
A lot of medical advances are based on genetics
Sometimes you can beat the system or the system beats u
importance of charles darwin?
evolutionism
fixed
group of organisms reproductively isolated from other organisms
species
artificially select certain individuals to have certain traits to breed and their offspring would be more likely to have these traits
artificial selection
the change, over generations, in the frequencies of genes in the population
evolution
When there are individuals that are more likely to succeed in their environment then they can reproduce more
survival of the fittest
Who is most fit depends on the environment
natural selection
great diversity to one thing
NOT correct theory
blending hypothesis
impt of gregor mendel?
pea plants and genes
an individual’s observable trait
phenotype
an individual’s genes
genotype
mendel’s conclusions?
There are alt forms of hereditary factors (genes)
For each trait, every person inherits one gene from each parent
Some genes are dom over other genes
Genes don’t blend and are not “lost”
a variant form of a gene
allele
BB, bb
same genes
homozygous
Bb
diff genes
heterozygous
Require disease gene from BOTH parents to have disease
recessive trait disorder
what do you call a person carrying one gene in recessive trait disorder
carrier
examples of recessive trait disorders
Albinism
Tay-Sachs
Cystic Fibrosis
PKU
require disease gene from one parent
dominant trait disorders
examples of dominant trait disorders
extra fingers and toes
huntington’s disease
are breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait (e.g., brown seeds), generation after generation.
true-breeding lines
occur in one form or the other, never in combination.
dichotomous traits
model of the biology of behavior?
the organism’s endowment which is a product of its evolution, exp, and perception of current situation
the study of ani- mal behavior in the wild
ethology
behaviors that occur in all like members of a species, even when there seems to have been no opportunity for them to have been learned
instinctive behaviors
dominant trait disorders
Degenerative disease of NS
Typical onset = 35-45 years
huntington’s disease
Genes can have an affect on more than one phenotype
ex. sickle cell, anemia
pleiotropy
how can some characteristics vary so much?
multiple alleles
polygenic inheritance
monogenic
polygenic
omnigenic
more than 2 variants of the gene in the population
multiple alleles
more than one gene that contributes to a phenotype
□ Ex. Skin pigmentation
Many genes contribute to one trait
polygenic inheritance
a single gene gives rise to a trait
ex. pea plants, huntington’s disease
monogenic
a handful of genes jointly give rise to a trait
Ex. Skin color
polygenic
a few core genes are essential but all the genes are involved
Most genes
omnigenic
1 molecule of dna
chromosome
one segment of a chromosome
gene
describe the physical structure of DNA
helix
has nucleotides that are in a twisted ladder.
double helix
2 per round, they always have the same partner
Genetic variation is based on the infinite amount of ways these letters could be made together
ATCG
nucleotides
display or picture of a person’s set of chromosomes or genome
karyotype
matching pair of karyotypes
homologous chromosomes
complete set of genetic material in an organism
genome
what do we have a greater number of in dna?
genes
rank from biggest to smallest: genes, genome, chromosome
genome, chromosomes, gene
every time a cell copies itself, it goes through this process
mitosis
cells younger or older than you?
younger
DNA sequencing error
When a cell or gene does not copy well
mutation
If a mutation occurs in a body cell (not egg/sperm),
could it affect the individual, the individual’s offspring, or
both?
individual
If a mutation occurs in a sex cell (i.e., egg or sperm),
could it affect the individual, the individual’s offspring, or
both?
offspring
examples of errors in number of chromosomes
down syndrome
where are sex chromosomes located at?
in every cell of the body
Gene that is located on X or Y chromosome
sex-linked genes
examples of sex-linked genetic disorder
color-blindness, hemophiia
How do we get from genotype to phenotype?
transcription and translation
copying one section of the chromosome/gene by unraveling it
transcription
translates the messenger RNA strand into a protein
uses ribosomes
translation
steps of transcription
messenger RNA copies half of DNA after unraveling
messenger RNA leaves nucleus and into cytoplasm for translation
T or F: Most genes are structural. Not Many involved with expressions of other genes
False.
influence expression of other genes
promoters
chain of events for gene expression
Environment=> transcription factors => promoters (non-structural genes) => structural gene expression Bb => BROWN EYES
The study of all mechanisms of inheritance OTHER THAN those mediated by changes to the gene sequence of DNA (i.e. sequence of nucleotides) itself
epigenetics
y do we care about epigenetics
The place where environmental genes take place, the place environmental genes may or may not be expressed
can be exposed to something in the environment that changes the genes but you can pass it down to offspring
Transgenerational epigenetics
Create an organism where you can cut out a gene
Gene knockout
Create an organism where you can add in a gene
gene knockin
Organism with genetic from another organism
transgenic organism
A way to be more precise on gene editing
Cut, add, replace genes
CRISPR
probs with CRISPR
Used to edit human embryos
Unattended changes in the genome
Ethical issues
