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bio bases of the brain > quiz 2 part 2 > Flashcards

quiz 2 part 2 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bundle of axons in pns

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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2
Q

bundle of axons in cns

A

tract

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3
Q

group of cell bodies in pns

A

ganglion

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4
Q

group of cell bodies in cns

A

nucleus

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5
Q

lots of dendrites aka cortex
allows enables individuals to control movement, memory, and emotions.

A

grey matter

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6
Q

lots of axons aka connections
matter throughout the central nervous system
matter in brain and spinal cord
conduct, process, and send nerve signals up and down the spinal cord.

A

white matter

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7
Q

implications of genetics

A

A lot of medical advances are based on genetics
Sometimes you can beat the system or the system beats u

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8
Q

importance of charles darwin?

A

evolutionism

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9
Q

fixed
group of organisms reproductively isolated from other organisms

A

species

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10
Q

artificially select certain individuals to have certain traits to breed and their offspring would be more likely to have these traits

A

artificial selection

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11
Q

the change, over generations, in the frequencies of genes in the population

A

evolution

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12
Q

When there are individuals that are more likely to succeed in their environment then they can reproduce more
survival of the fittest
Who is most fit depends on the environment

A

natural selection

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13
Q

great diversity to one thing
NOT correct theory

A

blending hypothesis

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14
Q

impt of gregor mendel?

A

pea plants and genes

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15
Q

an individual’s observable trait

A

phenotype

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16
Q

an individual’s genes

A

genotype

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17
Q

mendel’s conclusions?

A

There are alt forms of hereditary factors (genes)
For each trait, every person inherits one gene from each parent
Some genes are dom over other genes
Genes don’t blend and are not “lost”

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18
Q

a variant form of a gene

A

allele

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19
Q

BB, bb
same genes

A

homozygous

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20
Q

Bb
diff genes

A

heterozygous

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21
Q

Require disease gene from BOTH parents to have disease

A

recessive trait disorder

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22
Q

what do you call a person carrying one gene in recessive trait disorder

A

carrier

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23
Q

examples of recessive trait disorders

A

Albinism
Tay-Sachs
Cystic Fibrosis
PKU

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24
Q

require disease gene from one parent

A

dominant trait disorders

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25
Q

examples of dominant trait disorders

A

extra fingers and toes
huntington’s disease

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26
Q

are breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait (e.g., brown seeds), generation after generation.

A

true-breeding lines

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27
Q

occur in one form or the other, never in combination.

A

dichotomous traits

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28
Q

model of the biology of behavior?

A

the organism’s endowment which is a product of its evolution, exp, and perception of current situation

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29
Q

the study of ani- mal behavior in the wild

A

ethology

30
Q

behaviors that occur in all like members of a species, even when there seems to have been no opportunity for them to have been learned

A

instinctive behaviors

31
Q

dominant trait disorders
Degenerative disease of NS
Typical onset = 35-45 years

A

huntington’s disease

32
Q

Genes can have an affect on more than one phenotype
ex. sickle cell, anemia

A

pleiotropy

33
Q

how can some characteristics vary so much?

A

multiple alleles
polygenic inheritance
monogenic
polygenic
omnigenic

34
Q

more than 2 variants of the gene in the population

A

multiple alleles

35
Q

more than one gene that contributes to a phenotype
□ Ex. Skin pigmentation
Many genes contribute to one trait

A

polygenic inheritance

36
Q

a single gene gives rise to a trait
ex. pea plants, huntington’s disease

A

monogenic

37
Q

a handful of genes jointly give rise to a trait
Ex. Skin color

A

polygenic

38
Q

a few core genes are essential but all the genes are involved
Most genes

A

omnigenic

39
Q

1 molecule of dna

A

chromosome

40
Q

one segment of a chromosome

A

gene

41
Q

describe the physical structure of DNA

A

helix

42
Q

has nucleotides that are in a twisted ladder.

A

double helix

43
Q

2 per round, they always have the same partner
Genetic variation is based on the infinite amount of ways these letters could be made together
ATCG

A

nucleotides

44
Q

display or picture of a person’s set of chromosomes or genome

A

karyotype

45
Q

matching pair of karyotypes

A

homologous chromosomes

46
Q

complete set of genetic material in an organism

A

genome

47
Q

what do we have a greater number of in dna?

A

genes

48
Q

rank from biggest to smallest: genes, genome, chromosome

A

genome, chromosomes, gene

49
Q

every time a cell copies itself, it goes through this process

A

mitosis

50
Q

cells younger or older than you?

A

younger

51
Q

DNA sequencing error
When a cell or gene does not copy well

A

mutation

52
Q

If a mutation occurs in a body cell (not egg/sperm),
could it affect the individual, the individual’s offspring, or
both?

A

individual

53
Q

If a mutation occurs in a sex cell (i.e., egg or sperm),
could it affect the individual, the individual’s offspring, or
both?

A

offspring

54
Q

examples of errors in number of chromosomes

A

down syndrome

55
Q

where are sex chromosomes located at?

A

in every cell of the body

56
Q

Gene that is located on X or Y chromosome

A

sex-linked genes

57
Q

examples of sex-linked genetic disorder

A

color-blindness, hemophiia

58
Q

How do we get from genotype to phenotype?

A

transcription and translation

59
Q

copying one section of the chromosome/gene by unraveling it

A

transcription

60
Q

translates the messenger RNA strand into a protein
uses ribosomes

A

translation

61
Q

steps of transcription

A

messenger RNA copies half of DNA after unraveling
messenger RNA leaves nucleus and into cytoplasm for translation

62
Q

T or F: Most genes are structural. Not Many involved with expressions of other genes

A

False.

63
Q

influence expression of other genes

A

promoters

64
Q

chain of events for gene expression

A

Environment=> transcription factors => promoters (non-structural genes) => structural gene expression Bb => BROWN EYES

65
Q

The study of all mechanisms of inheritance OTHER THAN those mediated by changes to the gene sequence of DNA (i.e. sequence of nucleotides) itself

A

epigenetics

66
Q

y do we care about epigenetics

A

The place where environmental genes take place, the place environmental genes may or may not be expressed

67
Q

can be exposed to something in the environment that changes the genes but you can pass it down to offspring

A

Transgenerational epigenetics

68
Q

Create an organism where you can cut out a gene

A

Gene knockout

69
Q

Create an organism where you can add in a gene

A

gene knockin

70
Q

Organism with genetic from another organism

A

transgenic organism

71
Q

A way to be more precise on gene editing
Cut, add, replace genes

A

CRISPR

72
Q

probs with CRISPR

A

Used to edit human embryos
Unattended changes in the genome
Ethical issues

bio bases of the brain (5 decks)

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