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bio bases of the brain > quiz 1 part 2 > Flashcards

quiz 1 part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

toward the chest/stomach

A

ventral

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2
Q

toward the back (backbone)

A

dorsal

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3
Q

toward the front end

A

anterior

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4
Q

toward the back end

A

posterior

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5
Q

above

A

superior

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6
Q

below

A

inferior

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7
Q

toward the side

A

lateral

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8
Q

toward the middle

A

medial

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9
Q

toward the nose

A

rostral

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10
Q

toward the tail

A

caudal

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11
Q

farther away in attachment to body
(Hand is ____ to your elbow bc its farther away in attachment)

A

distal

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12
Q

closer in attachment to body
(elbow is ____ to hand because its closer in attachment)

A

proximal

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13
Q

1 side of the body
(ex. left leg)

A

unilateral

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14
Q

both sides of body
(ex. left leg and right leg)

A

bilateral

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15
Q

same side of the body (left leg and left arm)

A

ipsilateral

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16
Q

opposite side of body
(ex. left leg and right arm)

A

contralateral

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17
Q

cutting horizontally (like cutting head off)

A

cross section

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18
Q

divide the body on the vertical line

A

sagittal plane

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19
Q

front part of the brain
like cutting the face off

A

frontal/coronal plane

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20
Q

A section cut down the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres
(seeing one hemisphere)

A

midsagittal plane

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21
Q

the division of the ner- vous system located within the skull and spine

A

central nervous system

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22
Q

divisions of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

the division located outside the skull and spine

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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24
Q

divisions of PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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25
Q

part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment

A

somatic nervous system

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26
Q

carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system
(going toward something, advance approach)
sensory nerves

A

afferent nerves

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27
Q

carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.
(going away from something, exiting, escape)
motor nerves

A

efferent nerves

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28
Q

part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment.

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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29
Q

project from the brain
include purely sensory nerves such as the olfactory nerves (I) and the optic nerves (II), but most contain both sensory and motor fibers.

A

cranial nerves

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30
Q

The three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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31
Q

what are the meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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32
Q

(tough mother)- the tough outer meninx/membrane

A

dua mater

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33
Q

spider-web-like membrane Immediately inside the dura mater

A

arachnoid membrane

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34
Q

space which contains many large blood vessels and cere- brospinal fluid;

A

subarachnoid space

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35
Q

(pious mother)- the innermost meninx which adheres to the surface of the CNS.

A

pia mater

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36
Q

fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain.

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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37
Q

purpose of CSF

A

supports and cushions brain

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38
Q

a mechanism impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain
This barrier is a consequence of the special structure of cerebral blood vessels.

A

blood-brain barrier

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39
Q

5 major divisions of human brain

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

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40
Q

parts of the metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

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41
Q

bulge on the brain stem’s ventral surface

A

pons

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42
Q

large, convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface. It is an important sensorimotor structure

A

cerebellum

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43
Q

parts of mesencephalon (midbrain)

A

tectum and tegmentum

44
Q

in midbrain
responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
ROOF
dorsal

A

tectum

45
Q

relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei to prevent unwanted body movement.
FLOOR
ventral

A

tegmentum

46
Q

he gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct
good for pain

A

periaqueductal gray

47
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

48
Q

The sensory relay
Superior to midbrain
sends messages to cortex

A

thalamus

49
Q

is located just below the ante- rior thalamus
plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, sleep, and sexual behavior).
How we handle stress responses
Pituitary gland is connected

A

hypothalamus

50
Q

regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces.

A

pituitary gland

51
Q

lobes of cerebral cortex

A

occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, insula

52
Q

performs the analysis of visual input to guide our behavior

A

occipital lobe

53
Q

per- ceiving the location of both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention.

A

parietal lobe

54
Q

involved in hearing and language, the inferior ____ cortex identifies complex visual patterns, and the medial portion of_____ cortex (which is not visible from the usual side view) is important for certain kinds of memory.

A

temporal lobe

55
Q

performs complex cognitive func- tions, such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behavior, and assess- ing the significance of the behavior of others

A

frontal lobe

56
Q

involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors—including the four F’s of motivation: fleeing, feeding, fight- ing, and sexual behavior.
Mostly subcortical parts of telencephalon, forebrain

A

limbic system

57
Q

structures of limbic system

A

amygdala and hippocampus

58
Q

play a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making
Subcortical parts of telencephalon, forebrain impt for movement

A

basal ganglia

59
Q

what are the 5 divisions of brain divided up

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

60
Q

what makes up the hindbrain

A

medulla (myelencephalon), pons, & cerebellum (metencephalon)

61
Q

what makes up the forebrain

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

62
Q

hidden lobe
impt for emotions and internal feeling states

A

insula

63
Q

support system of the brain
contains CSF

A

ventricular system

64
Q

where is the hippocampus

A

in the telencephalon, forebrain

65
Q

nervous system that maintains body organs

A

parasympathetic nervous system

66
Q

nervous system focusing on the 4 F’s

A

sympathetic nervous system

67
Q

nervous system in gut
connected to the brain by the vagus nerve

A

enteric nervous system

68
Q

what makes up the myelencephalon

A

medulla

69
Q

what makes up the telencephalon

A

it’s actually the cerebrum most of the brain

70
Q

what makes up the reticular formation?

A

medulla and pons

71
Q

what makes up the raphe system?

A

medulla and pons

72
Q

involved in a variety of functions—including sleep, attention, movement, the maintenance of muscle tone, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes.
it’s like an interstate getting all of this info from nerves that go up to the brain aka big apple

A

reticular formation

73
Q

the primary location in the brain for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin,

A

raphe system

74
Q

where is substantia nigra

A

midbrain

75
Q

area in midbrain that is responsible for production of dopamine
responsible for Parkinson’s

A

substantia nigra

76
Q

2 cerebral hemispheres
(part of telencephalon; forebrain)
outer part of the brain
largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

77
Q

sulcus/fissures

A

grooves

78
Q

gyrus

A

bumps

79
Q

Connects both sides of the brain

A

corpus collosum

80
Q

where does the central canal go through

A

spinal cord

81
Q

CSF flows in where?

A

ventricles and canals

82
Q

extra CSF in centricles

A

hydrocephalus

83
Q

when blood fills up the subdural space

A

subdural hematoma

84
Q

inflammation of the meninges

A

meningitis

85
Q

nervous system organization

A

Sensory (afferent) input comes in (PNS job)
Integrates input into body (CNS)
Motor output of some sort (PNS)

86
Q

Receptors are specialized to pick up some kind of info

A

sensory neuron

87
Q

What does the energy
from the stimulus actually do to the
sensory receptor?

A

neural transmission

88
Q

sensitivy to stimuli arising outside the body

A

exteroception

89
Q

translating the stimulus info to a neural signal

A

transduction

90
Q

they are selective for one kind of info

A

selective transducers

91
Q

detecting a stimulus (interaction between sensory receptor & environment

A

sensation

92
Q

interpretation of sensation

A

perception

93
Q

The “experience” of color

A

Requires environmental and body/brain factors

94
Q

our ability to perceive colors as relatively constant over varying illuminations

A

color constancy

95
Q

why do our eyes have a blind spot

A

no rods or cones

96
Q

part in brain that tries to make sense of info

A

cortex

97
Q

a system is the area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of that system.
Organizing which info goes to which sensory
Higher level association

A

primary sensory cortex

98
Q

a system comprises the areas of the sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from other areas of secondary sensory cortex of the same system.
Organizes the info in one sense
Ex. Understanding what the sound is; understanding that the sound is speech

A

secondary sensory cortex

99
Q

Sensitivity to stimuli arising inside
the body
ex. knowing when you’re hungry

A

interoception

100
Q

the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement, and action of parts of the body

A

proprioception

101
Q

what are the autonomic system’s needs?

A

making sure everything inside the body is running okay
you aren’t constantly thinking about this, your body automatically does it

102
Q

what’s in charge of ANS and why?

A

hypothalamus bc of homeostasis

103
Q

what connects to the brain from the gut?

A

vagus nerve

104
Q

Develops over time in development
More bacteria to cells (10 to 1), most of the bacteria is in the gut
Use the bacteria for good things
□ Regulates digestion
□ Extracts nutrients
Gut bacteria make 95% of serotonin
Bacteria influences what u eat

A

microbiome

105
Q

Can we treat mental health
problems with gut bacteria?

A

yesssss

bio bases of the brain (5 decks)

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