quiz 1 part 2 Flashcards
toward the chest/stomach
ventral
toward the back (backbone)
dorsal
toward the front end
anterior
toward the back end
posterior
above
superior
below
inferior
toward the side
lateral
toward the middle
medial
toward the nose
rostral
toward the tail
caudal
farther away in attachment to body
(Hand is ____ to your elbow bc its farther away in attachment)
distal
closer in attachment to body
(elbow is ____ to hand because its closer in attachment)
proximal
1 side of the body
(ex. left leg)
unilateral
both sides of body
(ex. left leg and right leg)
bilateral
same side of the body (left leg and left arm)
ipsilateral
opposite side of body
(ex. left leg and right arm)
contralateral
cutting horizontally (like cutting head off)
cross section
divide the body on the vertical line
sagittal plane
front part of the brain
like cutting the face off
frontal/coronal plane
A section cut down the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres
(seeing one hemisphere)
midsagittal plane
the division of the ner- vous system located within the skull and spine
central nervous system
divisions of CNS
brain and spinal cord
the division located outside the skull and spine
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
divisions of PNS
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment
somatic nervous system
carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system
(going toward something, advance approach)
sensory nerves
afferent nerves
carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.
(going away from something, exiting, escape)
motor nerves
efferent nerves
part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment.
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
project from the brain
include purely sensory nerves such as the olfactory nerves (I) and the optic nerves (II), but most contain both sensory and motor fibers.
cranial nerves
The three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
meninges
what are the meninges
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
(tough mother)- the tough outer meninx/membrane
dua mater
spider-web-like membrane Immediately inside the dura mater
arachnoid membrane
space which contains many large blood vessels and cere- brospinal fluid;
subarachnoid space
(pious mother)- the innermost meninx which adheres to the surface of the CNS.
pia mater
fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
purpose of CSF
supports and cushions brain
a mechanism impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain
This barrier is a consequence of the special structure of cerebral blood vessels.
blood-brain barrier
5 major divisions of human brain
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
parts of the metencephalon
pons and cerebellum
bulge on the brain stem’s ventral surface
pons
large, convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface. It is an important sensorimotor structure
cerebellum
parts of mesencephalon (midbrain)
tectum and tegmentum
in midbrain
responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
ROOF
dorsal
tectum
relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei to prevent unwanted body movement.
FLOOR
ventral
tegmentum
he gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct
good for pain
periaqueductal gray
parts of the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
The sensory relay
Superior to midbrain
sends messages to cortex
thalamus
is located just below the ante- rior thalamus
plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, sleep, and sexual behavior).
How we handle stress responses
Pituitary gland is connected
hypothalamus
regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces.
pituitary gland
lobes of cerebral cortex
occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, insula
performs the analysis of visual input to guide our behavior
occipital lobe
per- ceiving the location of both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention.
parietal lobe
involved in hearing and language, the inferior ____ cortex identifies complex visual patterns, and the medial portion of_____ cortex (which is not visible from the usual side view) is important for certain kinds of memory.
temporal lobe
performs complex cognitive func- tions, such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behavior, and assess- ing the significance of the behavior of others
frontal lobe
involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors—including the four F’s of motivation: fleeing, feeding, fight- ing, and sexual behavior.
Mostly subcortical parts of telencephalon, forebrain
limbic system
structures of limbic system
amygdala and hippocampus
play a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making
Subcortical parts of telencephalon, forebrain impt for movement
basal ganglia
what are the 5 divisions of brain divided up
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
what makes up the hindbrain
medulla (myelencephalon), pons, & cerebellum (metencephalon)
what makes up the forebrain
telencephalon
diencephalon
hidden lobe
impt for emotions and internal feeling states
insula
support system of the brain
contains CSF
ventricular system
where is the hippocampus
in the telencephalon, forebrain
nervous system that maintains body organs
parasympathetic nervous system
nervous system focusing on the 4 F’s
sympathetic nervous system
nervous system in gut
connected to the brain by the vagus nerve
enteric nervous system
what makes up the myelencephalon
medulla
what makes up the telencephalon
it’s actually the cerebrum most of the brain
what makes up the reticular formation?
medulla and pons
what makes up the raphe system?
medulla and pons
involved in a variety of functions—including sleep, attention, movement, the maintenance of muscle tone, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes.
it’s like an interstate getting all of this info from nerves that go up to the brain aka big apple
reticular formation
the primary location in the brain for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin,
raphe system
where is substantia nigra
midbrain
area in midbrain that is responsible for production of dopamine
responsible for Parkinson’s
substantia nigra
2 cerebral hemispheres
(part of telencephalon; forebrain)
outer part of the brain
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
sulcus/fissures
grooves
gyrus
bumps
Connects both sides of the brain
corpus collosum
where does the central canal go through
spinal cord
CSF flows in where?
ventricles and canals
extra CSF in centricles
hydrocephalus
when blood fills up the subdural space
subdural hematoma
inflammation of the meninges
meningitis
nervous system organization
Sensory (afferent) input comes in (PNS job)
Integrates input into body (CNS)
Motor output of some sort (PNS)
Receptors are specialized to pick up some kind of info
sensory neuron
What does the energy
from the stimulus actually do to the
sensory receptor?
neural transmission
sensitivy to stimuli arising outside the body
exteroception
translating the stimulus info to a neural signal
transduction
they are selective for one kind of info
selective transducers
detecting a stimulus (interaction between sensory receptor & environment
sensation
interpretation of sensation
perception
The “experience” of color
Requires environmental and body/brain factors
our ability to perceive colors as relatively constant over varying illuminations
color constancy
why do our eyes have a blind spot
no rods or cones
part in brain that tries to make sense of info
cortex
a system is the area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of that system.
Organizing which info goes to which sensory
Higher level association
primary sensory cortex
a system comprises the areas of the sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from other areas of secondary sensory cortex of the same system.
Organizes the info in one sense
Ex. Understanding what the sound is; understanding that the sound is speech
secondary sensory cortex
Sensitivity to stimuli arising inside
the body
ex. knowing when you’re hungry
interoception
the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement, and action of parts of the body
proprioception
what are the autonomic system’s needs?
making sure everything inside the body is running okay
you aren’t constantly thinking about this, your body automatically does it
what’s in charge of ANS and why?
hypothalamus bc of homeostasis
what connects to the brain from the gut?
vagus nerve
Develops over time in development
More bacteria to cells (10 to 1), most of the bacteria is in the gut
Use the bacteria for good things
□ Regulates digestion
□ Extracts nutrients
Gut bacteria make 95% of serotonin
Bacteria influences what u eat
microbiome
Can we treat mental health
problems with gut bacteria?
yesssss
