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bio bases of the brain > quiz 2 part 1 > Flashcards

quiz 2 part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do all cells have

A

chromosomes and a selectively permeable membrane

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2
Q

three classes of cells

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

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3
Q

cells that are very tiny, single-celled, and ancient

A

bacteria

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4
Q

cells that Can live in extreme environments
Called extremophiles

A

archaea

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5
Q

YOU
more complex cells
They are larger than the other cells
More complex cells so they have to be bigger to hold all of this complex stuff

A

eukaryotes

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6
Q

“selectively permeable”
Environment for most cells is water
Membrane can have water outside, water inside. But no water in between
For some things to pass through

A

cell membrane

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7
Q

what can pass through a cell membrane easily?

A

oxygen

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8
Q

bactera+archaea=

A

prokaryotes

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9
Q

provides diff kinds of structure in the cell. They can change depending what the cell needs

A

cytoskeleton

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10
Q

have diff functions in the cell (mini organs)

A

Organelles

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11
Q

biggest organelle

A

nucleus

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12
Q

things can come out of nucleus through these

A

pores

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13
Q

type of membrane sacs; really big = vacuoles

A

vesicles

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14
Q

export
Exit the cell
waste
the process of neurotransmitter release

A

exocytosis

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15
Q

import
Into the cell
Food, nutrients

A

endocytosis

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16
Q

Has enzymes that digests things
If we don’t want something, this will digest the bad thing
Aka suicide sac, the Lysol cell

A

lysosome

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17
Q

produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
type of membrane

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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18
Q

ER that makes steroids for the body

A

smooth ER

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19
Q

ER involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch

A

rough ER

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20
Q

central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids.

A

golgi apparatus

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21
Q

Breathing of the cell, to get glucose you need to get oxygen

A

cellular respiration

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22
Q

Inside is called the matrix
Very impt for producing energy
Powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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23
Q

material cannot be broken any further

A

element

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24
Q

smallest piece of an element

A

atom

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25
Q

atom w a positive charge

A

proton

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26
Q

atom w a negative charge

A

electron

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27
Q

atom w no charge

A

neutron

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28
Q

what does it mean when removing an electron from an atom?

A

the atom is ionic

29
Q

this has a charge, either a positive charge (if lose a charge) or a negative charge (if gain an electron)
positively and negatively charged particles

A

ions

30
Q

what’s the importance of ions in psychology

A

ions cannot go through the selectively permeable membrane so they need a gate to get through

31
Q

ions pass through this in selective permeable membrane
specialized pores in the neural membrane,

A

ion channel

32
Q

Why would an ion move across a membrane?

A

bc of an electrical gradient or concentration gradient

33
Q

electrostatic pressure)
Ions are attracted to charges of the opposite charge

A

electrical gradient

34
Q

force of diffusion)
when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another

A

concentration gradient

35
Q

3 ways to open an ion channel

A

voltage-gate
ligand-gate
mechanical

36
Q

electric
if there is a change in the electrical charge, then it will open the ion channel

A

voltage-gate

37
Q

chemical
particular molecule will bind with protein receptor that will change the shape and allow the ion to pass thru

A

ligand-gate

38
Q

stretch-activated
open and close in response to mechanical vibration or pressure, such as sound waves or the pressure of touch (found in sensory receptors in the skin, ear, etc.)

A

mechanical

39
Q

a movement in ions creates what kind of change?

A

change in voltage (electrical)

40
Q

a type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment
like glue for cells

A

glial cells

41
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Astrocytes

42
Q

Internal features of a neuron

A

synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitters
microtubules
golgi complex
ribosomes
cytoplasm
ER
nucleus
mitochondria

43
Q

steps of neural transmission

A

input
vote
fire
output

44
Q

types of post synaptic potentials

A

EPSP (excitatory) and IPSP (inhibitory)

45
Q

SPACE–so it is different neurons (in different spaces) giving input.

A

spatial summation

46
Q

TIME–so it is one neuron giving input over and over again

A

temporal summation

47
Q

fatty covering over the axon that helps speed the info down the axon
the little marshmallow things

A

myelination

48
Q

disease affecting myelin

A

multiple sclerosis

49
Q

The steady membrane potential of a neuron at rest, usually about −70 mV.

A

resting potential

50
Q

In the context of membrane potentials, it is a membrane potential that is not zero.

A

polarized

51
Q

decrease the resting membrane potential, from −70 to −67 mV, for example

A

depolarize

52
Q

increase the resting membrane potential, from −70 to −72 mV

A

hyperpolarize

53
Q

There is a brief period of about 1 to 2 milliseconds after the initiation of an AP during which it is impossible to elicit a second AP

A

absolute refractory period

54
Q

the period during which it is possible to fire the neuron again but only by applying higher-than-normal levels of stimulation.

A

relative refractory period

55
Q

Refractory periods are responsible for what two important characteristics of neural activity?

A

responsible for the fact that APs normally travel along axons in only one direction.
the rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of the stimulation.

56
Q

the gaps between adjacent myelin segments.

A

nodes of ranvier

57
Q

(nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites

A

dendritic spine

58
Q

short amino acid chains composed of between 3 and 36 amino acids; in effect, they are short proteins.

A

neuropeptides

59
Q

neurons contain two neurotransmitters— a situation generally referred to

A

coexistence

60
Q

more common; The majority of neurotransmitters, once released, are almost immediately drawn back into the pre- synaptic buttons by transporter mechanisms.

A

reuptake

61
Q

other neurotransmitters are degraded (broken apart) in the synapse by the action of enzyme

A

enzymatic degradation

62
Q

proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them

A

enzymes

63
Q

which ion gate is on the axon?

A

voltage-gate

64
Q

is a domino affect to go from the beginning to end of axon
Last “domino” causes vesicles to
release neurotransmitter

A

action potential

65
Q

where are ligand-gates located?

A

along the dendrites

66
Q

at the very end of the axon terminal
part of the circuit that connects sensory organs, like those that detect pain or touch, in the peripheral nervous system to the brain.

A

synapse

67
Q

classes of neurotransmitters

A

amino acids
monoamines
acetylcholine
neuropeptides

68
Q

chemical messengers that your body can’t function without
most neurons release 2+ types
chemically open ion channels

A

neurotransmitters

bio bases of the brain (5 decks)

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