quiz 2 part 1 Flashcards
what do all cells have
chromosomes and a selectively permeable membrane
three classes of cells
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
cells that are very tiny, single-celled, and ancient
bacteria
cells that Can live in extreme environments
Called extremophiles
archaea
YOU
more complex cells
They are larger than the other cells
More complex cells so they have to be bigger to hold all of this complex stuff
eukaryotes
“selectively permeable”
Environment for most cells is water
Membrane can have water outside, water inside. But no water in between
For some things to pass through
cell membrane
what can pass through a cell membrane easily?
oxygen
bactera+archaea=
prokaryotes
provides diff kinds of structure in the cell. They can change depending what the cell needs
cytoskeleton
have diff functions in the cell (mini organs)
Organelles
biggest organelle
nucleus
things can come out of nucleus through these
pores
type of membrane sacs; really big = vacuoles
vesicles
export
Exit the cell
waste
the process of neurotransmitter release
exocytosis
import
Into the cell
Food, nutrients
endocytosis
Has enzymes that digests things
If we don’t want something, this will digest the bad thing
Aka suicide sac, the Lysol cell
lysosome
produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
type of membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
ER that makes steroids for the body
smooth ER
ER involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch
rough ER
central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids.
golgi apparatus
Breathing of the cell, to get glucose you need to get oxygen
cellular respiration
Inside is called the matrix
Very impt for producing energy
Powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
material cannot be broken any further
element
smallest piece of an element
atom
atom w a positive charge
proton
atom w a negative charge
electron
atom w no charge
neutron
what does it mean when removing an electron from an atom?
the atom is ionic
this has a charge, either a positive charge (if lose a charge) or a negative charge (if gain an electron)
positively and negatively charged particles
ions
what’s the importance of ions in psychology
ions cannot go through the selectively permeable membrane so they need a gate to get through
ions pass through this in selective permeable membrane
specialized pores in the neural membrane,
ion channel
Why would an ion move across a membrane?
bc of an electrical gradient or concentration gradient
electrostatic pressure)
Ions are attracted to charges of the opposite charge
electrical gradient
force of diffusion)
when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another
concentration gradient
3 ways to open an ion channel
voltage-gate
ligand-gate
mechanical
electric
if there is a change in the electrical charge, then it will open the ion channel
voltage-gate
chemical
particular molecule will bind with protein receptor that will change the shape and allow the ion to pass thru
ligand-gate
stretch-activated
open and close in response to mechanical vibration or pressure, such as sound waves or the pressure of touch (found in sensory receptors in the skin, ear, etc.)
mechanical
a movement in ions creates what kind of change?
change in voltage (electrical)
a type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment
like glue for cells
glial cells
4 types of glial cells
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
Internal features of a neuron
synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitters
microtubules
golgi complex
ribosomes
cytoplasm
ER
nucleus
mitochondria
steps of neural transmission
input
vote
fire
output
types of post synaptic potentials
EPSP (excitatory) and IPSP (inhibitory)
SPACE–so it is different neurons (in different spaces) giving input.
spatial summation
TIME–so it is one neuron giving input over and over again
temporal summation
fatty covering over the axon that helps speed the info down the axon
the little marshmallow things
myelination
disease affecting myelin
multiple sclerosis
The steady membrane potential of a neuron at rest, usually about −70 mV.
resting potential
In the context of membrane potentials, it is a membrane potential that is not zero.
polarized
decrease the resting membrane potential, from −70 to −67 mV, for example
depolarize
increase the resting membrane potential, from −70 to −72 mV
hyperpolarize
There is a brief period of about 1 to 2 milliseconds after the initiation of an AP during which it is impossible to elicit a second AP
absolute refractory period
the period during which it is possible to fire the neuron again but only by applying higher-than-normal levels of stimulation.
relative refractory period
Refractory periods are responsible for what two important characteristics of neural activity?
responsible for the fact that APs normally travel along axons in only one direction.
the rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of the stimulation.
the gaps between adjacent myelin segments.
nodes of ranvier
(nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites
dendritic spine
short amino acid chains composed of between 3 and 36 amino acids; in effect, they are short proteins.
neuropeptides
neurons contain two neurotransmitters— a situation generally referred to
coexistence
more common; The majority of neurotransmitters, once released, are almost immediately drawn back into the pre- synaptic buttons by transporter mechanisms.
reuptake
other neurotransmitters are degraded (broken apart) in the synapse by the action of enzyme
enzymatic degradation
proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them
enzymes
which ion gate is on the axon?
voltage-gate
is a domino affect to go from the beginning to end of axon
Last “domino” causes vesicles to
release neurotransmitter
action potential
where are ligand-gates located?
along the dendrites
at the very end of the axon terminal
part of the circuit that connects sensory organs, like those that detect pain or touch, in the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
synapse
classes of neurotransmitters
amino acids
monoamines
acetylcholine
neuropeptides
chemical messengers that your body can’t function without
most neurons release 2+ types
chemically open ion channels
neurotransmitters
