quiz 2 part 1

Question 1

what do all cells have

Answer 1

chromosomes and a selectively permeable membrane

Question 2

three classes of cells

Answer 2

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

Question 3

cells that are very tiny, single-celled, and ancient

Answer 3

bacteria

Question 4

cells that Can live in extreme environments
Called extremophiles

Answer 4

archaea

Question 5

YOU
more complex cells
They are larger than the other cells
More complex cells so they have to be bigger to hold all of this complex stuff

Answer 5

eukaryotes

Question 6

“selectively permeable”
Environment for most cells is water
Membrane can have water outside, water inside. But no water in between
For some things to pass through

Answer 6

cell membrane

Question 7

what can pass through a cell membrane easily?

Answer 7

oxygen

Question 8

bactera+archaea=

Answer 8

prokaryotes

Question 9

provides diff kinds of structure in the cell. They can change depending what the cell needs

Answer 9

cytoskeleton

Question 10

have diff functions in the cell (mini organs)

Answer 10

Organelles

Question 11

biggest organelle

Answer 11

nucleus

Question 12

things can come out of nucleus through these

Answer 12

pores

Question 13

type of membrane sacs; really big = vacuoles

Answer 13

vesicles

Question 14

export
Exit the cell
waste
the process of neurotransmitter release

Answer 14

exocytosis

Question 15

import
Into the cell
Food, nutrients

Answer 15

endocytosis

Question 16

Has enzymes that digests things
If we don’t want something, this will digest the bad thing
Aka suicide sac, the Lysol cell

Answer 16

lysosome

Question 17

produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
type of membrane

Answer 17

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 18

ER that makes steroids for the body

Answer 18

smooth ER

Question 19

ER involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch

Answer 19

rough ER

Question 20

central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids.

Answer 20

golgi apparatus

Question 21

Breathing of the cell, to get glucose you need to get oxygen

Answer 21

cellular respiration

Question 22

Inside is called the matrix
Very impt for producing energy
Powerhouse of the cell

Answer 22

mitochondria

Question 23

material cannot be broken any further

Answer 23

element

Question 24

smallest piece of an element

Answer 24

atom

Question 25

atom w a positive charge

Answer 25

proton

Question 26

atom w a negative charge

Answer 26

electron

Question 27

atom w no charge

Answer 27

neutron

Question 28

what does it mean when removing an electron from an atom?

Answer 28

the atom is ionic

Question 29

this has a charge, either a positive charge (if lose a charge) or a negative charge (if gain an electron) positively and negatively charged particles

Answer 29

ions

Question 30

what's the importance of ions in psychology

Answer 30

ions cannot go through the selectively permeable membrane so they need a gate to get through

Question 31

ions pass through this in selective permeable membrane specialized pores in the neural membrane,

Answer 31

ion channel

Question 32

Why would an ion move across a membrane?

Answer 32

bc of an electrical gradient or concentration gradient

Question 33

electrostatic pressure) Ions are attracted to charges of the opposite charge

Answer 33

electrical gradient

Question 34

force of diffusion) when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another

Answer 34

concentration gradient

Question 35

3 ways to open an ion channel

Answer 35

voltage-gate ligand-gate mechanical

Question 36

electric if there is a change in the electrical charge, then it will open the ion channel

Answer 36

voltage-gate

Question 37

chemical particular molecule will bind with protein receptor that will change the shape and allow the ion to pass thru

Answer 37

ligand-gate

Question 38

stretch-activated open and close in response to mechanical vibration or pressure, such as sound waves or the pressure of touch (found in sensory receptors in the skin, ear, etc.)

Answer 38

mechanical

Question 39

a movement in ions creates what kind of change?

Answer 39

change in voltage (electrical)

Question 40

a type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment like glue for cells

Answer 40

glial cells

Question 41

4 types of glial cells

Answer 41

Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Microglia Astrocytes

Question 42

Internal features of a neuron

Answer 42

synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters microtubules golgi complex ribosomes cytoplasm ER nucleus mitochondria

Question 43

steps of neural transmission

Answer 43

input vote fire output

Question 44

types of post synaptic potentials

Answer 44

EPSP (excitatory) and IPSP (inhibitory)

Question 45

SPACE--so it is different neurons (in different spaces) giving input.

Answer 45

spatial summation

Question 46

TIME--so it is one neuron giving input over and over again

Answer 46

temporal summation

Question 47

fatty covering over the axon that helps speed the info down the axon the little marshmallow things

Answer 47

myelination

Question 48

disease affecting myelin

Answer 48

multiple sclerosis

Question 49

The steady membrane potential of a neuron at rest, usually about −70 mV.

Answer 49

resting potential

Question 50

In the context of membrane potentials, it is a membrane potential that is not zero.

Answer 50

polarized

Question 51

decrease the resting membrane potential, from −70 to −67 mV, for example

Answer 51

depolarize

Question 52

increase the resting membrane potential, from −70 to −72 mV

Answer 52

hyperpolarize

Question 53

There is a brief period of about 1 to 2 milliseconds after the initiation of an AP during which it is impossible to elicit a second AP

Answer 53

absolute refractory period

Question 54

the period during which it is possible to fire the neuron again but only by applying higher-than-normal levels of stimulation.

Answer 54

relative refractory period

Question 55

Refractory periods are responsible for what two important characteristics of neural activity?

Answer 55

responsible for the fact that APs normally travel along axons in only one direction. the rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of the stimulation.

Question 56

the gaps between adjacent myelin segments.

Answer 56

nodes of ranvier

Question 57

(nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites

Answer 57

dendritic spine

Question 58

short amino acid chains composed of between 3 and 36 amino acids; in effect, they are short proteins.

Answer 58

neuropeptides

Question 59

neurons contain two neurotransmitters— a situation generally referred to

Answer 59

coexistence

Question 60

more common; The majority of neurotransmitters, once released, are almost immediately drawn back into the pre- synaptic buttons by transporter mechanisms.

Answer 60

reuptake

Question 61

other neurotransmitters are degraded (broken apart) in the synapse by the action of enzyme

Answer 61

enzymatic degradation

Question 62

proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them

Answer 62

enzymes

Question 63

which ion gate is on the axon?

Answer 63

voltage-gate

Question 64

is a domino affect to go from the beginning to end of axon Last “domino” causes vesicles to release neurotransmitter

Answer 64

action potential

Question 65

where are ligand-gates located?

Answer 65

along the dendrites

Question 66

at the very end of the axon terminal part of the circuit that connects sensory organs, like those that detect pain or touch, in the peripheral nervous system to the brain.

Answer 66

synapse

Question 67

classes of neurotransmitters

Answer 67

amino acids monoamines acetylcholine neuropeptides

Question 68

chemical messengers that your body can't function without most neurons release 2+ types chemically open ion channels

Answer 68

neurotransmitters