quiz 1 part 1 Flashcards
What is biopsychology?
The scientific study of the bio of behavior
the belief that the mind/soul and body are made up of diff kinds of substances and exist independently
mind = body
most scientists don’t believe in this
dualism
one kind of substance, mind and body are the same thing
“none of this is real”
nobody believes this
idealistic monism
everything is material
“everything you know is physical aka real”
most scientists believe this
materialistic monism
How do we explain how we have a thought and a feeling?
it’s not either/or. We don’t have a clear answer lol
an approach to studying complex systems by studying their component parts
reductionism
a characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a bigger system
help living organisms better adapt to their environments and increase their chances of survival.
ex. thoughts and feelings are ___ of the brain
emergent properties
pros and cons of humans
They can follow instructions,
they can report their subjective experiences
Humans are often cheaper.
Cons: they have to volunteer
pros and cons of non humans
fewer ethical contraints
brains and behaviors are a lot simpler
cons: they aren’t humans
the method used by scientists to study causation, that is, to find out what causes what. As such, it has been almost single-handedly responsible for the knowledge that is the basis for our modern way of life.
experiment
a different group of subjects is tested under each condition
study population is divided into groups and each group only receives one treatment.
between-subjects design
test the same group of subjects under each condition
the same person tests all the conditions (i.e., all the user interfaces)
has no control group
within-subject design
The variable measured by the experimenter to assess the effect of the independent variable.
dependent variable
the difference between experimental conditions that is arranged by the experimenter.
independent variable
there is more than one difference that could affect the dependent variable, it is difficult to determine whether it was the independent variable or the unintended difference
confounded variable
studies of groups of subjects who have been exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world
can only tell correlation
potential confounded variables have not been controlled—for example, by the random assignment of subjects to conditions
participants can decide which group to be in (no random assignment)
Quasiexperimental studies
Studies that focus on a single subject, or very small number of subjects
good for testable hypothesis
con: generalizability
case studies
degree to which their results can be applied to other cases.
generalizability
The empirical method that biopsychologists and other scientists use to study the unobservable
fundamental method of biopsychology and of most other sciences
scientific inference
structure
about body parts
anatomy
activity
what the body parts are doing
physiology
what info does CLARITY provide?
structure
what info does EEG provide?
activity
what info does cerebral angiography provide?
structure
what info does PET provide?
activity
what info does fMRI provide?
structure and activity
what info does CT provide?
structure
what info does MRI provide?
structure
what info does fUS provide?
activity
what info does diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) provide?
structure
what info does MEG provide?
activity
what info does EMG provide?
activity
what info does SER provide?
activity
what info does cardiovascular provide?
activity and structure
what techniques do CLARITY, cerebral angiography, and CT belong to?
x-ray techniques
what techniques do PET belong to?
radioactivity-based techniques
what techniques do MRI, DTI, and fMRI belong to?
magnetic field-based techniques
what techniques do fUS belong to?
ultrasound-based techniques
involves obtaining functional brain images during several different cognitive tasks
finding the avg brain function
experimental brain - all the other functions of brain = difference image
paired-image subtraction technique
Why aren’t regular X-rays useful for seeing living brains?
it doesn’t tell much info on structure
is a technique that can be used to turn off an area of human cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
a technique that can be used to stimulate (“turn on”) an area of the cortex by applying an electrical current through two elec- trodes placed directly on the scalp.
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES
a tech- nique that, like tES and TMS, can be used to activate partic- ular brain structures. can also be used to activate subcortical structures.
Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (tUS)
Why can transcranial stimulation techniques be used to support causal hypotheses, when other methods can’t?
can turn on or off diff areas of the cortex
The pattern of brain activity that is present when humans sit quietly and let their minds wander.
default mode
Brain structures typically active in the default mode but less active during cognitive or behavioral tasks
default mode network
understand how network activ- ity across multiple brain regions is related to a particular cognitive task.
concept of functional connectivity.
what’s the solution to the mind/body prob?
it’s not neither/or, we don’t have a clear answer`
difference between experiments and quasiexperiments
Experiments can tell us whether an independent variable causes a change in a dependent variable (assuming that the experimenter has controlled for all confounding variables);
quasiexperiments can tell us only that two variables are correlated with one another.
the study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character
phrenology
lesion considerations
structures are close together
every area is part of a network
bilateral and unilateral effects
lesions restricted to one half of the brain
Mild behavioral effects than the other
behavioral effects of type of lesions to some brain structures can be difficult to detect.
unilateral lesions
lesions involving both sides of the brain
Most experimental studies this
bilateral lesions
everything in the world is made up of one thing
monism
