Quiz 2 - Inflammation Flashcards
Major etiologies of acute versus chronic inflammation. Major goals of inflammation as postulated by modern science.
ACUTE - most common as a result of an infection or tissue necrosis/ infarction - when part of tissue is dead…
CHRONIC - either due to non-healing acute process, foreign materials w/in the body, or auto-immune reactions – I.E., a bullet not being removed
major sign/symptom of inflammation & terms in English & Latin. R____ = R____; T_____ = S____; C_____ = H____; D____ = P_____; F_____ L_____ = Loss of ____/____
RUBOR= Readness/Hyperemia TUMOR=Swelling/Edema CALOR= Heat/Dilatation of Arterioles & Venous Stasis DOLOR= Pain/Dilatation of Arterioles FUNCTIO LAESA= Loss or diminution of function
Vascular events (including vasoconstriction, following by vasodilatation and blood stasis) and cellular events (cell activation, margination adhesion, diapedesis, & phagocytosis
VASCULAR = hydrostatic pressure will increase when stagnation happens or water will leave extracellular compartment to create edema - LV sends Na+ & albumins - gravity pushes water out of blood ves ---- 1. brief constriction 2. Dilatation 3. Increased blood flow 4. redness /rubor /hyperemia 5. increase hydrostatic pressure/edema 6. venous stasis/heat/calor CELLULAR = Margination (Aligning) ==> Activation ==> Adhesion (like velcro to blood vessels) ==> Chemotaxis (chem attraction) ==> Diapedesis (squeeze to outside of cell) w. Phagocytosis (eating bacteria)
Major cells, organizing acute versus chronic inflammation. What are band cells?
band = young neutrophils - acute bacterial infection just started enveloping - bone marrow sent new cells to fight infection; Neutrophils are major cells of acute response to bacterial infection, they are assisted by monocytes.
Chemical mediators: histamine & serotonin are release from? prostaglandins? cytokines? their origin and their corresponding actions.
Histamine/Serotonin = Released from Basophils, Mast cells & Platelets - Cause vasodilatation & increased vascular permeability (fluid escape into interstitial space); Cause bronchoconstriction (ex., asthma attack)
The role of the Liver in assisting blood in organizing & maintaining inflammation until its resolution?
CRP & ESR process - Complement = “bunch” of about 20 proteins, LV “gives” to blood plasma to fight with “intruders”. (surround & make it easier for WBC’s to digest bacteria & unwanted materials)
What are expected outcomes of acute inflammation?
Complete resolution: Most common
- Scarring & partial or complete loss of fx. (less common)
- Ulcer
- Fistula
- Peritonitis
- Abscess
- Becoming more general/ extensive rather local
What are cells that mainly participate in chronic inflammation?
It’s organized by macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (plasma cells activated by b/ or t-lymphocytes) —
- Interstitial/ diffuse: ex., asthma, COPD
- Granulomatous (based on granuloma or cellular rosette formation): ex., TB, Crohn’s
Two types of chronic inflammation as we discussed: diffuse versus granulomatous. What is a “granuloma”?
- Interstitial/ diffuse: ex., asthma, COPD (no interruption - everything evenly distributed)
- Granulomatous (based on granuloma or cellular rosette formation - bumpy/inflammation/rosette stay forever): ex., TB, Crohn’s — Granuloma = lymphocytes come to area to increase pressure for elimination
Factors that affect healing?
- Type of human cells injured: permanent, labile, or stable
- Immune System’ Competence
- Age
- Retention of Debris
- Underlying chronic conditions
- Life style & risk factors/ poor habits
- Environment
- Quality of Health Care
Types of healing: primary intention versus secondary intention. What tissues usually heal by primary intention (complete restoration)? Secondary intention (fibrosis or fibroplasia)?
both primary & secondary involve initial granulation process - granulation here means - new soil and sod/good background for new stem cells to grow on them - aka darning/mesh – in primary - complete restoration but in secondary substitution of wound by fibrous tissue or scar
What is the major etiology (cause) of adhesions?
adhesion = thin bands of collagenous connective tissue; - most common cause is from surgery - if extensive can restrict motion or cause retraction to an abnormal position of internal organs
Be able to explain or recognize the significance and nature of discussed non-specific markers of inflammation: CPR & ESR —
CRP is a protein fraction, sent to the blood by the liver. CRP along with the Complement proteins and fibrinogen/ fibrin, sent to the blood by the liver, assist in increasing viscosity of the blood. As a result, the speed or rate of the erythrocyte sedimentation (falling on the bottom of the centrifuged vial) is increased: remember my “Acapulco” story, if you found it helpful as an association.
_________ (3 part PMN cell/adult band cell) = have hypochloride ion & peroxide to rush to area & fight powerful intruders – What is the significance of increase in these cells? What are the corresponding nature/ cause of the inflammation, these cells usually orchestrate?
Neutrophils; rush in during: burns, myocardial infarction, infection, etc
_________ = Red Leukocytes. What is the significance of increase in these cells? What are the corresponding nature/ cause of the inflammation, these cells usually orchestrate?
Eosinophils; can increase with allergic reactions and with parasitic infestations or autoimmune disease; combat effects oh histamine in allergic reactions, destroy parasitic worms & phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
________ = blue Leukocytes. What is the significance of increase in these cells? What are the corresponding nature/ cause of the inflammation, these cells usually orchestrate?
Basophils; organize allergies, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism; release chemical mediators of histamine & serotonin & intensify overall inflammatory process
Chemical mediators: cytokines are released from? Their origin and their corresponding actions.
Derivatives of Arachidonic Acid/ from WBC’s; activate immune responses by other blood cellsà fever, thrombosis, attraction of PMN, liver activation (liver produces active phase proteins - make blood swampy). Monocytes can migrate out of the bloodstream & become tissue macrophages under the influence of cytokines.
Chemical mediators: prostaglandins are released from? Their origin & their corresponding actions.
Derivatives of Arachidonic Acid/ from WBC’s - triggered by release of serotonin/histamine (Basophils, Mast cells & Platelets) . Cause vasodilatation & pain; dilation of blood vessels & signal pain to thalamus & hypothalamus
PAF = _____ ______ _____; Activates platelets’ ==> platelets get activated ==> release of histamine & serotonin ==> vasodilatation & bronchoconstriction
Platelet Aggregation Factor
3 Types of Human Cells:
- ________ - do not have stem cells so can’t revive themselves, refuse, heart, bones, neurons etc - heart heals by fibrosis/connective tissues by producing scars - healed by secondary intention (intention means bringing borders of wound together to create tension to spread healing process)
- ________ - will heal, no problem, epithelial is labile, wound on skin is superficial heals quickly - many stem cells so new cells will grow
- ________ - kidney, liver cells, very strong personality, some random stem cells
- permanent - do not have stem cells so can’t revive themselves, refuse, heart, bones, neurons etc - heart heals by fibrosis/connective tissues by producing scars - healed by secondary intention (intention means bringing borders of wound together to create tension to spread healing process)
- labile - will heal, no problem, epithelial is labile, wound on skin is superficial heals quickly - many stem cells so new cells will grow
- stable - kidney, liver cells, very strong personality, some random stem cells
This is _________ Intention healing:
- Clean surgical wounds
- Close wound margins
- Injured tissues composed of labile cells (epithelium)
- Accomplished through the process of GRANULATION (nothing to do with the term “granuloma”)
Primary (complete restoration of tissues w/o substitute) - granulation here means - new soil & sod/good background for new stem cells to grow on them - aka darning/mesh
This is _________ Intention healing:
- Crashed extensive wounds
- Tissues, composed of permanent cells
- Risk factors for poor healing (above)
- Produces SCAR/ ADHESION
- Leads to deformity
Secondary aka Fibroplasia
