Immune D/O... Flashcards
Innate versus acquired immunity
Innate immunity = rapid response, consists of the physical, chemical, molecular,& cellular defenses that are in place before infection & can fx. immed. as an effective barrier to microbes. (skin, gastric juice, lymph system, specific markers on our blood cells & all other cells/antigens represent such an innate immunity)
Acquired immunity = developed after birth as a result of a disease or vaccination/ immunization.
specific versus non-specific immunity
Specific Immunity = recognition & differentiation of “self” versus “non-self” based on specific cellular markers. (Lymphocytes are very specific - lock & key)
Non-specific Immunity: Does not require specific markers for actions (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes & macrophages)
humoral versus cellular immunity & the cells of the immune system, which are considered major in each part?
Humoral Immunity: Liquid form of immune defense, represented by B-lymphocytes & their manufactured anti-bodies (immuno-globulins).
Cellular Immunity: Represented by T-lymphocytes - develop in peripheral blood & more mature (T is for Thymus)
passive vs. active immunity & the ways of their acquisition.
Passive Immunity: pre-formed defense “tools” & administered to a human as anti-bodies, produced in another biological organism or human organism. (ex., momma giving $ to baby; passiveley acquired can be done as an adult as well - tetnas bacteria - insert imunoglobulins & will fight faster than eg 2-3 weeks; temporary)
Active Immunity: produced by the body’s immune system itself, as a response to infection or vaccination. (Actively is when killer cells - ur immune system is producing on its own - immune system worked for it or …Vaccinate can be actively considered as well)
Organization of the immune system: what organs, tissues & cells involved? What is the major role of lymph nodes? Spleen? etc
Tonsils & Adenoids =
Thymus =
Lymph nodes = contain spec. compartments where immune cells congregate, & encounter antigens
Spleen = communicate info about intruders/activate
Appendix =
Peyers Patches =
Lymphatic Vessels = connect immune sys organs
Bone Marrow = stem cells store immune cells
What immune cells (white blood cells) are considered non-specific? Specific?
non-specific = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,monocytes & macrophages…NK cells
specific = lymphocytes, Lymphoid precursors develop into the lymphocytes. 2 major classes of lymphocytes are B cells & T cells. The lymphocytes with the exception of so called Natural Killer cells, are specific immune cells. They need a very particular recognition of an antigen or an epitope.
What is the principal difference between participation of B-lymphocytes versus T-lymphocytes in the immune defense? What are sub-populations of B- & T-lymphocytes & what is their corresponding role in mounting of the immune response? In other words, what are plasma cells & their action, T CD-4 cells & their types/ actions; T CD-8 cells & their types/ actions?
B Lymphocytes = humoral immunity —subpop. of antibodies/immunoglobulins - aka “fork”; plasma cells produce specific antibodies
T Lymphocytes = cell mediated immunity & antibody production —subpop. of 1. TCD4 (Helper cells - activate many immune cells incuding B & T), 2. TCD8 (Cytotoxic cells - help rid the body of cells that have been infected by viruses as well as cells that have been transformed by cancer. They are also responsible for the rejection of tissue & organ grafts) & 3. TCD8 Suppressors subset of regulatory T cells - act to turn off or suppress immune cells.
Do Natural Killer cells belong to specific or non-specific part of the immune system?
NK’s are non-specific; considered innate immunity. They kill intracellular microbes & foreign agents.
Major classes of the immuno-globulins and their corresponding actions: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE. Basic unit of an antibody (immune-globulin).
Basic unit of an antibody (immune-globulin) is a B plasma cell.
IgM = combines in star-shaped clusters. It tends to remain in the bloodstream for some time after initial infection, where it is very effective in killing bacteria.
IgG (4 types) = titer is signif amount of IgM G; 80 percent of serum is IgM G; very tiny - monomers - can be transitted vertically - mom to baby - passively acquired - they are momory immunoglobulins
IgA (2 types) = a doublet—present in body fluids such as tears, saliva, & the secretions of the respiratory, genito-urinary, & gastrointestinal tracts (all mucosa)
IgE = normally present in only trace amounts, but it is responsible for the symptoms of allergy. It is usually attached to Basophils, eosinophils or mast cells. Eeeee!
Allergy as Type I Immediate Hypersensitivity reaction. What class of immune-globulins involved & what is their exact mechanism of triggering an allergic response?
IgE; individual’s B cells make large amounts of grass pollen IgE antibody, attach to granule containing cells known as mast cells, which are plentiful in the lungs, skin, tongue, & linings of the nose & GI tract, next time that person encounters grass pollen, the IgE-primed mast cell releases powerful chemicals that cause the wheezing, sneezing, & other symptoms of allergy
Type II or Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity reaction: Types of blood w/in the group ABO & possible hemo-transfusion (incompatibility) reactions?
Cytotoxic —
Types of blood/agglutinogens: A, B, AB (Universal recipient) & O (Universal Donor)
Reactions: blood clotting, Rh Positive baby
Type II or Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity reaction: Within the pair of a donor- recipient, whose erythrocytes will undergo hemolysis in case of incompatibility?
IgM, IgG antibodies against cell surface or extracellular matrix.
Caused by: antibody-mediated cell destruction include mismatched blood transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn due to ABO or Rh incompatibility.
In what organism will the cytotoxic action of auto-antibodies against foreign antigens of erythrocytes trigger anaphylactic reaction?
Anaphylaxis is a systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction characterized by widespread edema, vascular shock secondary to vasodilation, & difficulty breathing.
W/i minutes after exposure to allergen (bee sting, sting, peanut etc), itching, hives, & skin erythema develop, followed shortly by bronchospasm& respiratory distress. Vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, & laryngeal edema & obstruction follow, & the person may go into shock & die w/in the hour.
What types of blood within the ABO group, are considered a “Universal Donor” versus “Universal Recipient” respectively?
Universal Donor = O type Universal Recipient = A/B Type
Innate Vs. Adaptive Table
______ immune system consists of lymphocytes & their products, including antibodies. Whereas the cells of the innate immune system recognize structures shared by classes of microorganisms, the cells of the adaptive immune system (i.e., lymphocyts) are capable of recognizing a vast array of substances produced by microorganisms as well as noninfectious substances & developing a specific immune response that differs with each substance.
Adaptive Immune system (Substances that elicit adaptive immune responses are called antigens. A memory of the substance is also developed so that a repeat exposure to the same microbe or agent produces a quicker and more vigorous response)
Proper _______ of the immune defenses are infectious organisms—bacteria such as 1. streptococci; 2. Fungi, 3. Parasites, & 4. Viruses
targets
Foreign molecules carry distinctive cluster of molecules, called “antigens” or their protruding from the surface parts, “_______”.
epitopes (in red)
Organs of immune system photo
Blood Type Chart
