Quiz 1 - cell/tissue/diseaseprev/term... Flashcards
Concentration or Electrochemical gradient; flexible, yet sturdy barrier that surrounds & contains the cytoplasm of a cell; Fluid mosaic model; Lipid Bi-layer; Active Transport/pumps or Facilitated diffusion via carrier molecule
plasma membranes (Membrane proteins/Membrane Permeability – Selective)
Specialized structures like ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, & lysosomes with specific shapes & Fx.; they control fx. of free radicals by stabilizing their outer shells again
organelles
Approximately 75% of the lipids are phospholipids, each with a hydrophilic (water-soluble) head and a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) tail.
membrane
A colloidal solution that contains water, electrolytes, suspended proteins, neutral fats, and glycogen molecules
Cytoplasm
An organelle that serves as site for protein synthesis = _______
Ribosomes
The _____ is an extensive system of paired membranes & flat vesicles that connect various parts of the inner cell. Between the paired ____ membranes is a fluid-filled space called the matrix. The matrix connects the space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope, the cell membrane, & various cytoplasmic organelles.
Endoplasmic reticulum; ER;
The _____ ____consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs; bodies are found near the nucleus & function in association with the ER. Substances produced in the ER are carried to the ___ ____in small, membrane-covered transfer vesicles
golgi complex
_______ can be viewed as the digestive system of the cell.
These small, membrane-enclosed sacs contain powerful hydrolytic
enzymes.
Lysosomes;
Smaller than lysosomes, spherical membrane-bound organelles called ____ contain a special enzyme that degrades peroxides. Unlike lysosomes, these are not formed by the Golgi apparatus. They are self-replicating like mitochondria & are initially formed by proteins produced by free ribosomes. They fx. in the control of free radicals.
Peroxisomes
______ are the “power plants” of the cell because they transform organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell. They do not make energy, but extract it from organic compounds. Mitochondria contain the enzymes needed for capturing most of the energy in foodstuffs & converting it into cellular energy. This multistep process is often referred to as cellular respiration because it requires oxygen.
mitochondria
Cilia & flagella are assembled through a process called _____ transport, during which large protein complexes are transported along the ciliary microtubules from the basal body to the ciliary tip & then back to the basal body
intraflagellar transport
T/F Only the transmembrane proteins can function on both sides of the membrane or transport molecules across it
True
Transmembrane proteins frequently form _____ _____ for ions and other substances, whereas peripheral proteins often function as receptor sites for signaling molecules
transport channels
_______ metabolism occurs in the cell’s mitochondria and involves the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
Aerobic
_______ metabolism, which supplies 90% of the body’s energy needs, takes place in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.
Oxidative metabolism (The electron transport chain oxidizes NADH + H+ and FADH2 and donates the electrons to oxygen, which is reduced to water)
________ transport does not require cellular energy. Substances move down their concentration or electrochemical gradients using only their own kinetic energy. 3 types = 1. _____, 2. _____ & 3.______
Passive transport - via carrier molecules; 1. Diffusion through the lipid bilayer, 2. Diffusion through membrane channels & 3. Facilitated diffusion: does not require ATP
expenditure. Rather, requires a carrier
molecule.
_________ Transport – requires cellular energy in the form of ATP
Active - via pumps
_______covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of ______ tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of ______ tissue
Epitheleal
________ is the most abundant & the most widely distributed of the tissues. _______ tissues perform a variety of functions including support & protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered ______ tissue
Connective tissues
There are 3 types of muscle tissues:
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
_______ muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts
Skeletal (striated, voluntary, multinucleated)
______ muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type.
Smooth (nonstriated, involuntary, one nucleus)
______ muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature
Cardiac (striated, involuntary, one nucleus, intercalated disks)
