Quiz 1 - cell/tissue/diseaseprev/term... Flashcards
Concentration or Electrochemical gradient; flexible, yet sturdy barrier that surrounds & contains the cytoplasm of a cell; Fluid mosaic model; Lipid Bi-layer; Active Transport/pumps or Facilitated diffusion via carrier molecule
plasma membranes (Membrane proteins/Membrane Permeability – Selective)
Specialized structures like ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, & lysosomes with specific shapes & Fx.; they control fx. of free radicals by stabilizing their outer shells again
organelles
Approximately 75% of the lipids are phospholipids, each with a hydrophilic (water-soluble) head and a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) tail.
membrane
A colloidal solution that contains water, electrolytes, suspended proteins, neutral fats, and glycogen molecules
Cytoplasm
An organelle that serves as site for protein synthesis = _______
Ribosomes
The _____ is an extensive system of paired membranes & flat vesicles that connect various parts of the inner cell. Between the paired ____ membranes is a fluid-filled space called the matrix. The matrix connects the space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope, the cell membrane, & various cytoplasmic organelles.
Endoplasmic reticulum; ER;
The _____ ____consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs; bodies are found near the nucleus & function in association with the ER. Substances produced in the ER are carried to the ___ ____in small, membrane-covered transfer vesicles
golgi complex
_______ can be viewed as the digestive system of the cell.
These small, membrane-enclosed sacs contain powerful hydrolytic
enzymes.
Lysosomes;
Smaller than lysosomes, spherical membrane-bound organelles called ____ contain a special enzyme that degrades peroxides. Unlike lysosomes, these are not formed by the Golgi apparatus. They are self-replicating like mitochondria & are initially formed by proteins produced by free ribosomes. They fx. in the control of free radicals.
Peroxisomes
______ are the “power plants” of the cell because they transform organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell. They do not make energy, but extract it from organic compounds. Mitochondria contain the enzymes needed for capturing most of the energy in foodstuffs & converting it into cellular energy. This multistep process is often referred to as cellular respiration because it requires oxygen.
mitochondria
Cilia & flagella are assembled through a process called _____ transport, during which large protein complexes are transported along the ciliary microtubules from the basal body to the ciliary tip & then back to the basal body
intraflagellar transport
T/F Only the transmembrane proteins can function on both sides of the membrane or transport molecules across it
True
Transmembrane proteins frequently form _____ _____ for ions and other substances, whereas peripheral proteins often function as receptor sites for signaling molecules
transport channels
_______ metabolism occurs in the cell’s mitochondria and involves the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
Aerobic
_______ metabolism, which supplies 90% of the body’s energy needs, takes place in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.
Oxidative metabolism (The electron transport chain oxidizes NADH + H+ and FADH2 and donates the electrons to oxygen, which is reduced to water)
________ transport does not require cellular energy. Substances move down their concentration or electrochemical gradients using only their own kinetic energy. 3 types = 1. _____, 2. _____ & 3.______
Passive transport - via carrier molecules; 1. Diffusion through the lipid bilayer, 2. Diffusion through membrane channels & 3. Facilitated diffusion: does not require ATP
expenditure. Rather, requires a carrier
molecule.
_________ Transport – requires cellular energy in the form of ATP
Active - via pumps
_______covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of ______ tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of ______ tissue
Epitheleal
________ is the most abundant & the most widely distributed of the tissues. _______ tissues perform a variety of functions including support & protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered ______ tissue
Connective tissues
There are 3 types of muscle tissues:
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
_______ muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts
Skeletal (striated, voluntary, multinucleated)
______ muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type.
Smooth (nonstriated, involuntary, one nucleus)
______ muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature
Cardiac (striated, involuntary, one nucleus, intercalated disks)
_______ tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. ______ cells or neurons are long and string-like.
Nerve
________ disease prevention prevents disease from occurrence: elimination of risks (if possible), modification of the life style & behavior, immunizations. Our profession of Acupuncture & Herbal Medicine has been serving this level of disease prevention at its core along with other holistic modalities.
Primary
________ disease prevention is early detection & tx. of a disease by preventive screening & interventions (colonoscopy, mammography, Pap smears, etc.)
Secondary
_______ prevention of disease complications and/or progression: treatment/ management of a patient’s altered state - prevention of dying
Tertiary
Accepted theory or hypothesis of the cause of a disease….
Etiology
Accepted mechanism of a disease’ development…how exactly it was developed…not a cause but the mechanism of the particular disease development
Pathogenis
Vulnerabilities, which increase chances of the disease development…
risk factor
triggers, leading to the onset of a disease….
precipitating factors
a disease/ syndrome of an unknown cause…
Idiopathic
a condition caused by medical intervention…
latrogenic
a disease, originated within medical facility/ hospital; especially after a few days of hospital stay with no previous signs of new diagnosis…
Nosocomial
objective manifestations of a disease; can be detected/ observed/ measured by a practitioner….
signs
subjective perceptions of a disease by a patient (comprise the illness perspective)…
symptoms
a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. In cases, when etiology is clearly defined, a syndrome is addressed as a disease…
syndrome (disease is when s&s are clearly defined)
a statement concerning with the most likely nature of a disease/ syndrome
diagnosis
a list of altered health states, which are characterized by similar signs and symptoms
differential diagnosis
the science of structural and, more so, functional changes as a result of injury on the level of the human organism…
pathphysiology
the same concepts of pathophysiology are discussed on the cellular and tissue levels.
pathology
programmed “worn out” mechanism of cell death & deletion. Frequently is compared to “programmed cellular suicide”. Is regulated by endogenous system of signals & progressive shortening of telomeres…
Apoptosis (could be accelerated
by altered states of health (as, for example, in diabetes).
Such an accelerated apoptosis should be considered
pathological)
cellular and tissue death within a living organism…
Necrosis (Cellular death within a dead body is called
“Autolysis”)
Coagulative necrosis occurs in a definable pattern… Example given was of the ______
When many cells undergo necrosis at once, then
definable patterns of necrosis are produced, depending upon the nature of the injury, the type of tissue, and the length of time.; kidney; typical pattern with ischemia and infarction (loss of blood supply and resultant tissue anoxia)
_________ necrosis, like in the brain, leads to resolution with empty or cystic spaces
Brain Liquefactive
_____ necrosis like in the pancreas has Cellular injury to the pancreatic acini leads to release of powerful enzymes which damage fat by the production of soaps, and these appear grossly as the soft, chalky white areas seen here on the cut surfaces.
Fat Necrosis
_______ necrosis is really just a combination of coagulative & liquefactive necrosis that is most characteristic of granulomatous inflammation
Caseous (hylar lymph nodes infected by tuberculosis)
necrosis of many tissues in a body part there is mainly coagulative necrosis from the anoxic injury/acute ischemia
dry gangrene
due to venous stasis and bacterial infection/ because of the liquefactive component from superimposed infection in addition to the coagulative necrosis from loss of blood supply this type is known as …
wet gangrene
calcification is noticed in normal tissues due to an excessive content of calcium in blood (hypercalcemia), such an event is called…
Metastatic Calcification
Calcium is more likely to be deposited in tissues that are damaged during ________ ______.There are also irregular bluish-purple deposits of calcium in the submucosa
Dystrophic Calcification
Liver Steatosis versus liver Cirrhosis. What are they? What are etiologies of these transformations?
Liver Steatosis = is an accumulation of fat in the liver (alcoholic or non-alcoholic form but increase in fats in LV)
Liver Cirrhosis = is a slowly progressing disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue, eventually preventing the liver from fx. properly. The scar tissue blocks flow of blood through liver & slows the processing of nutrients, hormones, drugs, & naturally produced toxins.
Concepts of atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia Examples. Major etiology of adaptation by each type.
Concept:
Etiology:
Example:
If an organ or a tissue is under-developed, it is called…
HYPOPLASIA
If an organ or a tissue had not developed entirely, it is called…
aplasia or agenesis
An increase in organ or tissue mass/size due to an increase in the cells size is called…
HYPERTROPHY
An increase of the organ or tissue size due to an increase of number of cells is called…
HYPERPLASIA
_______ _______ is a condition that has a higher occurrence in particular territories due to favorable environmental factors for the disease development.
Endemic disease
