Infectious Diseases... Flashcards
________ disease (infectious or non-infectious) is a pathology, which is characteristic within a population of particular territory. ________ infectious diseases are usually due to special environmental territorial factors, like, for example, a survival & breading of vectors
Endemic
________ is the term for a microscopic cellular rosette, characteristic for granulomatous inflammation
Granuloma
_________ is a process of a biological “mesh” formation as a first step of healing
Granulation
An_________ period: is a silent (subclinical) period of an infectious disease, which is a period of time btwn the pathogen transmission & 1st non-specific s&s (prodromal period)
Incubation
_________ period of some chronic infectious diseases is a period of time when the infected individual already experienced prodromal period but stopped manifesting any clinical s&s, while still being a host of a pathogen.
Latent
__________ is caused by a pathogen Variola virus/sub acute Panencephalitis, has nose discharge aka “Coryza” & is more dangerous. – “______ _______” is a lay term addressing Rubella virus infection, cytopathic effect of clumping epithelial cells together/ necrosis of epithelial & has no meningitis component.
Measles/Rubeola; German Measles/Rubella
Nosocomial disease versus community-acquired disease. Iatrogenic disease.
Nosocomial disease = acquired by medical instruments or in a hospital facility. Applies to any disease contracted by a patient while under medical care.
Community acquired disease = an infection contracted outside of a health care setting or an infection present on admission, commonly involve strains of Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae & are usually more antibiotic sensitive.
Latrogenic = caused by treatment or diagnostic procedures. An iatrogenic disorder is a condition that is caused by medical personnel or procedures or that develops through exposure to the environment of a health care facility
A _______ is an animate source that aids in
the transmission of an infectious disease: Tick Ixodus dominini is a ___ for Lyme transmission; flies are _____ for E. coli transmission. Mosquitos are a ____ for Malaria.
Vector
__________ transmission requires a vector participation in a biological cycle of an infectious agent. Ex.: Mosquito Anopheles transmit causative factor of Malaria, a parasite
Plasmodium malariae. Partially the biological cycle of this parasite’s development takes place w/i a mosquito.
Biological transmission
Major characteristics of bacteria versus viruses ……
Bacteria = have potential for nucleus but rather have a nucleolus. bacteria = intra cellular OR extracellular VIRUS = strictly intracellular & have DNA or RNA inside
Chickenpox versus Shingles
different age vesicles in chicken pox & appears around entire body - in shingles all vesicles are the same age & appear along dermotomes
(epidemic parotitidis) is a viral disease of the humans. Painful swelling of the salivary glands (classically the parotid gland) is the most typical presentation. Painful testicular inflamm with swelling (orchitis) & pancreatitis may also occur. The symptoms are generally not severe in children. In post-pubertal men, complications such as infertility are more common, although still rare in absolute terms. The disease is generally self-limited, running its course before
receding, with no specific treatment apart from controlling the symptoms with pain meds.
Mumps – contagious disease transmitted through contact with resp secretions such as saliva from an infected person. Mumps can also be spread by sharing food and drinks.
The virus can also survive for a short time on surfaces and then be spread after contact in a similar manner. A person infected with mumps is contagious from approx. 6 days before the onset of symptoms until about 9 days after symptoms start. The incubation period (time until symps begin) is most likely 16–18 days.
There is a period of _______ prior to Incubation period.
Silence
Order of stages for Infectious diseases: Stage 0 _____ ==> _____ period ==> _____period/1st entry non-spec. S&S ==> _____ period unspec. S&S ==> _____ period Specific S&S ==> _____ period - silence ==> _____ period - recovery
0 Point ==> Silence period ==> Incubation period/1st entry non-specific S&S ==> Prodromal period unspecific S&S ==> Acute period Specific S&S ==> Latent period - silence ==> Convalesence period - recovery
Most important thing in disease control is: …
washing you hands - anti-bacterial only glues bacteria to hands
_________ disease is transmissible from one host to another. Mostly applied to a human-to-human transmission.
Communicable
A _______ disease: is highly communicable: spreads rapidly & affects large populations.
Contagious
________ disease: spreads at random as only few scarcely distributed geographically cases.
Sporadic
________ disease: When the rate of spreading /transmission is more than sporadic.
Epidemic
_________ disease: This term could be applied to non-infectious diseases or infec. diseases, which are not transmitted between hosts. Rather they are acquired via food poisoning (botulism) or soil, animal hides or dander (anthrax).
Non-communicable
_______ factors = “tools”, which micro organisms utilize to cause a process of infectious disease w/i the host’s organism (toxins, adherent molecules, enzymes, capsules, that makes them “untouchable”, methods of locomotion etc…
Virulence factors.
_____ are Incomplete viruses (Ex, Hepatitis D virus needing Hep B): Consist only of a short circular RNA piece. Do not have a protective protein coat.
Viroids
_____ are very unusual agents, responsible for at least 6 neurodegenerative diseases in humans & animals. Composed solely of infectious protein. Do not have any genetic material (neither DNA or RNA). Cause Mad Cow disease in livestock; Croitzfelld-Jacob encephalitis in humans.
Prions
______ are Unicellular parasites. They are eukaryotes (meaning, they have a true nucleus. Replicate by sporulation or budding. They are causative factors of many fungal infections.
Fungi
________ are (uni-or multi-cellular). Ex. Causative factors of malaria, amebiasis, etc.
Parasites
An infectious disease of animals. Humans
are usually accidental hosts for such infections
Zoonosis
An infectious disease, which is only
transmissible among humans (Gonorrhea).
Anthroponosis
_________ infection is established in a previously healthy individual.
Primary
_________ infection: encountered, when an individual weakened by preceding primary infection (ex.: pneumonia after recent flu).
Secondary
A ______ is an immediate location, individual or object, from which infection has been transmitted. Ex.: a particular dish could be a source of food poisoning. Raw eggs could be a source for Salmonella poisoning. A particular human could be a source for gonorrhea transmission. Sometimes, a ______ & a reservoir are the same: humans are the only reservoir & source for STD.
Source
A _________ is a natural habitat/ location of the organism. This could be either an animate or inanimate location. Ex.: deer & white-footed mice are a reservoir for Lyme disease’ causative agent: bacteria/ spirochete (spiral shape) Borrelia burgdorferi.
Reservoir (Examples: reservoir for Lyme disease causative factor. )
A _____ is a human or other mammal, who has been transmitted & harbors an infectious agent
Host
A ______ is an organism, which harbors a pathogen (causative factor of a disease), w/o showing any S&S.
Carrier - A state may occur:
• - during incubation period (a “silent” period since transmission of a pathogen & before first
clinical symptoms begin);
• -during the convalescence(recovery) period
after clinical symptoms subsided
• -by a chronic carrier in sub-clinical forms
(hepatitis B &/or C).
_______ transmission: direct personal contact as a major route of infectious spread: sex, via touching by contaminated hands, medical instruments (nosocomial diseases); droplets of sneezed or coughed up material (too close proximity).
Direct
______ transmission: gloves, sandboxes, food, air.
Indirect - sand on the beach, etc
_______ transmission: from a mother to a child via placenta or breast milk (HIV, Hep. B).
Vertical - only thru placenta or breastmilk
________ or _________ transmission: when a vector just mechanically transmits a causative agent of infectious disease: flies, other arthropods, vertebrates & invertebrates.
Vector-born or mechanical
The causative agent: Varicella-zoster virus of Herpes virus family.
• Transmission either by droplets or skin contact.
• The virus infects regional lymph nodes, replicated there, and enters the bloodstream.
• It is delivered to the skin, where it replicates more, causing spreading and itchy skin rashes in multiple stages of development (1st vesicles,
then, pustules (vesicles, filled with pus, and then crusts). The rash spreads usually in a centripetal mode (from the trunk to the head and the extremities) =====>
Chicken pox
Reactivation of dormant and permanent (as all herpes viral infections) chickenpox virus, leads to _______ (zoster) rash in a dermatome distribution. In this case, reactivated viruses reach the skin by axonal transport via spinal nerve(s). One or more dermatomes might be affected.
• ________ typically begins with 5-4 days of neuropathic pain of burning character, and then dermatomal rash appears obvious.
Shingles
Transmission by respiratory secretions (droplets), direct contact with the patients or their articles. • Highly contagious! • Incubation period: 2 to 6 days. • Infection is established in the upper respiratory tract, causing suffocating thick membrane formation, covering upper respiratory epithelium. • Releases toxin into the blood stream, causing fever, fatigue, muscle
paralysis, and heart/kidney failure. ====>
Diphtheria practically causes Toxemia
Antigenic ______ is due to point mutation as a small random change in one nucleotide of viral genome. It occurs usually from one season to another.
drift - influenza
Antigenic _____ is much more significant (dramatic) change in the viral genome, which occurs as a result of viral population via many species throughout decades. DNA or RNA of virus is more deeply impacted.
shift - influenza
The type of strep that infects the throat and causes ____ _____ is called group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABS).
scarlet fever - term used for strep throat w. a rash. Scarlet fever is most common in children ages 2 to 10, but it can affect people of any age.
