Quiz 2 Fungal, Parasitic and Zoonotic Pathogens Flashcards
Which encapsulated yeast is found in soil and causes infection presentation with pneumonia and meningitis? What are two potential treatments?
Cryptococcus (neoformans/gattii)
Fluconazole or amphotericin B
What is notable about transmission and symptoms for Plasmodium spp. (falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae)?
T: Mosquitos; blood cycle- RBC destruction
D: fever & chills, cerebral malaria
Which parasitic infection is pictured here? (Emphasis on ring forms and banana-shaped gametocytes)
Plasmodium spp.
What is notable about transmission and symptoms for Toxoplasma gondii?
T: Cat feces
D: Congeital (fetus can be given disease)
AIDS/IC pts at risk for encephalopathy
What are general symptoms of parasitic infections (not always, but commonly seen?)
Lymphadenopathy
Headache
Fever
Abdominal pain
N/V/D
Rash
Fatigue
Which parasitic infection is pictured here?
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
What transmission and symptoms of Naegleria fowleri are significant?
T: Warm freshwater
D: Fatal meningoencephalitis
Which parasitic infection is pictured here?
Naegleria fowleri
Which parasitic infection is pictured here?
Leishmania donovani
What transmission and symptoms of Leishmania donovani are significant?
T: Sand fly, usually in sub-tropical area (i.e. Brazil)
D: Cutaneous, mucocutaenous, and visceral sx
What transmission and symptoms of Trypanosoma cruzi are significant?
T: Transmitted through kissing bugs (triatomine beetles)
D: Cardiac (CHD) and/or GI issues; illness can devlop over years
AKA Chagas disease
What transmission and symptoms of Trypanosoma brucei are significant?
T: Tsetse fly
D: Hard, painful skin ulcer w/ enlarged lymph nodes -> can progress to coma
D: Intermittent parasitemia marked by antigenic variation
AKA African sleeping sickness
What parasite is pictured here?
Entamoeba histolytica
What transmission and symptoms of Cystoisospora are significant?
T: Fecal contaminated food/water
D: Sudden onset watery diarrhea
What transmission and symptoms of Cyclospora are significant?
T: Fecal contaminated food/water
D: Diarrhea
Which parasite is pictured here?
Cyclospora
Which parasite is pictured here?
Giardia lamblia
What transmission and symptoms of Ascaris are significant? What kind of a worm is it classified as?
T: Contaminated food/water (most common)
D: Intestinal or biliary obstruction
*Loeffler’s syndrome (eosinophilic pneumonia mimicking CAP)
Nematodes (roundworms)
What transmission and symptoms of Trichuris (whipworm)? What kind of a worm is it classified as?
T: Contaminated food/water; lives in colon
D: Results in impaired growth/cognition in children
Nematodes (roundworm)
What transmission and symptoms is significant for Ancylostoma? What type of worm is it? What is the subtype it shares with Necator?
T: Asia, Africa
D: Diarrhea, anemia, cutaneous larva migrans
Nematode (roundworm); hookworm
What transmisison and symptoms is significant for Necator?
T: Americas
D: Diarrhea, anemia, cutaneous larva migrans
What transmission and symptoms are significant for Strongyloides? What type of worm is it?
T: Contaminated soil to skin
D: GI symptoms (notable for duodenitis)
Nematodes (roundworm)
What transmission and symptoms are significant for Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms)? What type of worm is it?
T: Person to person
D: Perianal itching, diagnosed with “tape test”
Nematodes (roundworm)
What transmission and symptoms are significant for Taenia saginata/solium? What type of worm is it?
T (Saginata): undercooked beef
T (Solium): undercooked pork
D: Cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
What transmission and symptoms are significant for Diphyllobothrium? What type of worm is it?
T: Raw freshwater fish
D: Megaloblastic anemia
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
What transmission and symptoms are significant for Schistosoma?
What type of worm is it?
T: Freshwater snails; mostly sub-saharan Africa
D: Periportal and bladder fibrosis
Trematodes (flukes)
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Smallpox?
T: Respiratory aerosol or direct contact w/ skin lesions or fomites
CM: Onset of fever & malaise 7-14 days post infections; can progress to rash (centrifugal distribution) which can progress to pustules and crusts in 2-3 weeks
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)?
T: Domestic livestock (aerosol)
CM: Affects lungs; begins w/ fever, headache, cough * influenza-like symptoms
What is unique about the rickettsial disease caused by Coxiella burnetii?
It is the only rickettsial disease NOT transmitted by athropod bite
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Hantavirus?
T: Deer mice (dried urine & feces inhalation)
CM: Influenza-like symptoms can progress to respiratory failure (Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome)
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Chlamydia psittaci?
T: Birds; aerosol of bird feces
CM: Asymptomatic or fever & pneumonia; serious cases can affect liver, heart and nervous system (hearing loss)
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Brucella sp. (brucellosis)?
T: Reservoir in domestic livestock; transmitted via unpasteurized milk or cheese
CM: Brucellosis (undulant fever)
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Francisella tularensis (tularemia)?
T: Reservoir is many species of wild animals, transmission by ticks, aerosols, contact, and ingestion
CM: Onset of influenza-like symptoms (ILS) 75% w/ ulceroglandular syndrome (site of entry ulcerates, with regional lymphadenopathy)
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Pasteurella multocida?
T: Wounds associated with dog and cat bites
CM: Rapidly spreading cellulitis at side of animal bite (usually within 24 hours)
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease)?
T: Cat scratches, bites as well as flea bites (not cat urine or feces)
CM: Causes CSD in IC pts (fever, tender enlarged lymph nodes)
Will Bartonella henselae grow on normal blood agar?
No, it is fastidious
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Mycobacterium marinum?
Known as “fish tank granuloma”
Skin lesion at site of abrasion acquired in swimming pool or aquarium
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Eikenella corrodens?
Causes skin & bone infections associated with human bites and “clenched fist” injuries; can cause sepsis and ST infecitons in IC pts and IV drug users
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Ebola virus?
T: fruit bats (transmissions unknown)
CM: 5-7 day onset; fever, headache, ST, myalgia, athralgia, N/V/D -> skin/GI bleeding -> shock and DIC leading to multiorgan failure
What is the mortality rate of Ebola virus?
Up to 90%
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Marburg virus?
T: Exposure to african green monkeys
CM: 5-7 day onset; fever, headache, ST, myalgia, athralgia, N/V/D -> skin/GI bleeding -> shock and DIC leading to multiorgan failure
What is notable about the transmission and clinical presentation for Lassa virus?
T: Small rodent called Mastymis; contaminated food or water w/ animal urine
CM: Severe, hemorrhagic fever w/ multiorgan involvement
What is the transmission and clinical presenation for Babesia microti?
T: Ixodes ticks
D: asymptomatic/mild; severe anemia in IC pts
*often coinfection w/ borrelia burgdorferi
What is the transmission and clinical presentation for Fasciolopsis/Fasciola? What type of worm is it?
T: freshwater vegetation, especially watercress
D: bile duct blockage
Trematodes (flukes)
What is notable about the transmission and clinical symptoms of an infection with Eikenella corrodens? How does it gram stain?
It is a gram-negative rod
T: human bite & “closed fist” injuries
D: ST infections (especially in the head and neck)
