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H&D > Practice Quizzes Missed Questions > Flashcards

Practice Quizzes Missed Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Mycoplasma can be visualized using what preferred technique?

A

Darkfield microscopy using oblique scattered light

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2
Q

Does Aztreonam cover MSSA? Why not?

A

No

It only covers aerobic gram-negative organisms

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3
Q

Is mycobacteria an obligate anaerobe or obligate aerobe?

A

Obligate aerobe

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4
Q

Is serology a direct or indirect test for infection?

A

Indirect

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5
Q

What is describes the use of antibiotics to prevent an anticipated infection based on preliminary data?

A

Preemptive

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6
Q

What is the most likely diagnostic method for toxoplasmosis?

A

Serology

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7
Q

What is the MoA of capsofungin?

A

Inhibition of glucan synthase

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8
Q

Which antifungal is notable for causing prolongation of the QTc interval?

A

Voriconazole

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9
Q

What is the causative organism of neurocysticercosis?

A

Taenia solium

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10
Q

What is a reservoir host?

A

A host that harbors an immature stage of parasite, but allows no further development; it can also be used for further transmission

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11
Q

Eosinophilic meningitis is highly predictive of which pathogens?

A

Angiostrongylus and Coccidioides

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12
Q

What is especially characteristic of the acute phase of Chagas disease?

A

A romana sign (a chagoma found over the eyelid)

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13
Q

What is the MoA of terbinafine?

A

Blocking ergosterol synthesis

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14
Q

What is the MoA of 5-flucytosine?

A

Inhibition of DNA synthesis

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15
Q

What two species of Plasmodium form hyponozoites in the liver that can reactivate months later?

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale

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16
Q

Does Voriconazole or Nystatin bind directly to ergosterol?

A

Nystatin

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17
Q

Does penicillin rely on liver metabolism?

A

No

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18
Q

What does the acronym HOT T-BONE stEAk stand for?

A

IL-1 -> HOT (pyogenic)
IL-2 -> stimulates T-cell clonal expansion
IL-3 -> stimulates bone marrow
IL-4 -> stimulates IgE production
IL-5 -> stimulate IgA production

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19
Q

Can toxoplasmosis be diagnosed with a Giemsa stain?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Define karyolysis:

A

Irreversible shrinking of the cell nucleus

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21
Q

Define karyorrhexis:

A

Irreversible fragmentation of the cell nucleus

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22
Q

Would cytoplasmic vacuoles be a sign of reversible or irreversible cell injury?

A

Reversible cell injury

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23
Q

What is one of the most common causes of hyperglycemia in patients on TPN?

A

sepsis

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24
Q

What is characterized by “Red man” syndrome? What antibiotic is it commonly associated with?

A

An infusion reaction commonly caused by vancomycin that results in flushing and/or erythematous rash affecting the face, neck and upper torso

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25
Q

What drug class does capsofungin belong do?

A

Echinocandins

26
Q

What type of viruses must encode their own RNA-dependent DNA polymerases?

A

RNA viruses

27
Q

What directly causes an increased ESR?

A

Elevated fibrinogen release from the liver

28
Q

What is the most common mechanism by which bacteria can transfer drug resistance genes?

A

conjugation

29
Q

Penicillins bind PbPs to inhibit what enzyme?

A

transpeptidase

30
Q

What effect do detergents have on enveloped viruses?

A

They can strip viruses of the membrane (and membrane glycoproteins) and eliminate infectivity

31
Q

Distributive shock occurs as a result of what? What is an example of distibutive shock?

A

Inadequate vascular tone

Septic shock

32
Q

Besides SIRS critera (tachypnea, tachycardia, fever, and elevated WBC count) what are 4 additional clinical predictors of septic shock?

A

Altered mentation

Decreased urine production

Hypotension

Increased serum lactate

33
Q

Can P. aeruginosa produce biofilms?

A

Yes

34
Q

Is TMP-SMX CI in pregnancy? If so, in what trimester?

A

Yes

In the first trimester

35
Q

Can Nafcillin penetrate the BBB?

A

Yes

36
Q

What is suggested by the presence of HBsAG in serum?

A

ONGOING hepatitis B viral replication

37
Q

An infection in an IV line (i.e. TPN) that is visualized as a budding yeast w/ pseudohyphae is most likely to be what?

A

Candida spp.

38
Q

HBc-ab (hepatitis core ab) in serum indicate what?

A

Either ongoing OR past infection; further testing required

39
Q

Pseudomembrane colitis caused by C-diff heat resistant spores would have what visual cues on a colonoscopy?

A

Many yellow pustules and membraneous formations in the colon

40
Q

In what viral family is Hepatitis B?

A

Hepadnaviridae

41
Q

In what viral family is Hepatitis A?

A

Picornaviridae

42
Q

In what viral family is Hepatitis C?

A

Flaviviridae

43
Q

What what viral family is Hepatitis E?

A

Hepeviridae

44
Q

What is usually the go-to drug to limit T-cell activation in transplant patients?

A

Calcineurin inhibitors (Cyclosporin or Tacrolimus)

45
Q

What is the major mucosal defense against non-invasive GI pathogens?

A

IgA

46
Q

What intestinal cell (found in Peyer’s patches) is used to transport antigens to activate B cells?

A

M cells

47
Q

What virus type uses its antigenic diversity to allow reinfection of individuals?

A

Norovirus (diarrheal sx)
Rhinovirus (upper RT sx)

48
Q

What is the most common presentation of CVID in the US?

A

Isolated IgA deficiency

49
Q

A smooth, pink tapeworm that is tapered on both ends best describes what?

A

Ascaris

50
Q

What toxicities are associated with aminoglycosides?

A

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

51
Q

What bacteria is most likely in the event of a gram-positive, catalase +, non-spore forming bacteria causing meningitis?

A

Listeria monocytogenes (pt history also important)

52
Q

What type of vaccine is most likely to cause disease in IC pt?

A

Live-attenuated

53
Q

Where does HHV-8 sequester itself during latency?

A

Vascular endothelial cells

54
Q

What cancer is associated with HHV-8?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

55
Q

Abdominal pain, bloody vaginal discharge, and motion tenderness are most likely associated with what disease condition?

A

Pevlic inflammatory disorder (PID)

56
Q

What type of imaging is best used for visualizing osteomyelitis?

A

MRI

57
Q

What are two factors that can differentiate septic arthiritis from reactive or chronic arthritis?

A

Lack of trauma

Abrupt onset

58
Q

What would CSF aspirate look like in a case of septic arthritis?

A

WBC > 50,000

Elevated neutrophils -> cloudy fluid presentation

59
Q

What type of immune cells can produce defensins?

A

Innate immune cells (i.e. neutrophils)

60
Q

What is a common bacterial infection common with injuries associated with human bites or closed fists? What is its shape and gram stain?

A

Eikenella corrodens

Gram-negative rod

61
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum is what type of bacteria (shape, stain)? What types of infections does it participate in?

A

Gram-negative rod

Upper RT infections

62
Q

What are two differences between viral and bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

VC:
- typically both eyes
-watery discharge

BC:
-usually one eye
- purulent drainage

H&D (10 decks)

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