Quiz 2 Chapters 3 and 4 Flashcards
Proxemics
The interrelated observations and theories of our use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture; usually divided into territory and personal space.
Personal Space
An invisible space immediately surrounding the person, a body buffer zone.
7 Factors of Proxemics
- Postural-sex identifiers
- The sociofugal-sociopetal axis
- Kinesthetic features
- Visual code
- Thermal code
- Olfactory code
- Voice-loudness
Proxemes
Units of space within each distance “zone” we have; generally classified as “inner” or “outer” zones.
Classification of Spatial Zones
Intimate (Family, Significant Others) Personal (Friends) Social (Business Zone) Public
Territoriality
Laying claim to an area and defending it against members of the same species.
Super Territory
Desire by humans to attempt to maintain more territory than is actually needed for them to survive
Density
The number of living beings present in a given area.
Crowding
A perception that occurs when living beings perceive restrictions on their ability to move freely in a given area because of the presence of too many other beings
Cocooning
A withdrawing into oneself; creating a personal territorial behavior
Three Factors Influencing Our Perception of Crowding
Surveillance, Behavioral Constraint, Stimuli Overload
Use Space
Space claimed by people within their line of vision, or as instrumental in performing a function.
Information Preserve
Territories that contain facts about the self we wish to control
Secondary Space
Space that you deem important but that you could live without; space not crucial to your emotional or physical environment
Methods of Territorial Defense
Markers, Offensive Displays, Tenure
Types of Markers
Central Marker, Boundary Marker, Earmarker
Metamessage
Message about how to communicate in a given context or environment
Public Territory
Area people may enter freely; area open to people with a legitimate use for that space, ownership temporary
Interactional Territory
Area, mobile or fixed, that is restricted in terms of accessibility by someone
Home Territory
Physical territory to which an individual lays claim, marked by legal and physical barriers… Free and uninhibited actions typically take place in this territory
Body Territory
Space immediately surrounding us, marked by the skin and clothing….. Territory extends to form body buffer zone
Surveillance
Occurs when one perceived that they are being watched or observed by strangers
Behavioral Constraint
Occurs when freedom of movement is reduced; when you cannot spread out
Stimuli Overload
Occurs when there are too many noises, sights, and sounds bombarding you
Markers
Signs that Denote ownership of a territory
Offensive Displays
Can be accomplished by the posture an individual assumes, the stance one takes, or the gestures one uses; used to accomplish dominance or to keep someone from invading our territory or personal space.
Tenure
Concerns the length of time that you have held your space.
Secondary Space
Space that you deem important but that you could live without; space not crucial to your emotional or physical environment
Postural-sex Identifiers
Perceptions of space are affected by:
- The sex of the communicators
- The posture of the communicators:
- Prone (lying down)- Seated
- Standing
Sociofugal-Sociopetal Axis
Perceptions of space are affected by the angle formed by the axis of the interactants’ shoulders.
Sociopetal
Spatial arrangements that increase interactions.
Sociofugal
Spatial arrangements that decrease interactions.
Kinesthetic Features
“One of the most basic forms of relating to space, one which is deeply imbedded in humanity’s philogenetic past, is the potential to strike, hold, caress, or groom” (Hediger, 1955). Touching with head, touching with forearms, Touching with the arm or leg full extended
Visual Code
Eye Contact
Thermal Code
The sensing of body heat can result in movement either towards or away from the source.
Olfactory Code
Body odor significantly influences our perceptions of others.
Voice-Loudness
Loudness of voice is modified by social norms of: Distance Relationship of the parties involved The situation The subject of conversation
