Quiz 2 Attachment

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

Is the strong emotional bond that develops between a child and a parent, it provides the child with emotional security and is a secure-based relationship

Question 2

What has neuroscience said about attachment?

Answer 2

Shown that brain development is experience dependent, requires attuned child-parent interactions

Question 3

What are some functions of attachment?

Answer 3

To provide a sense of security in the world & to facilitate regulation of affect and arousal

Question 4

Arousal

Answer 4

Refers to the subjective feelings of being on alert, accompanying physiological response expected

Question 5

Over time what do mutual patterns between an infant and a caregiver develop?

Answer 5

Strategies to promote regulation in an infant

Question 6

Expression of feelings and communication

Answer 6

The relationship is the vehicle for expression of feelings and for learning how to communicate and interact with others

Question 7

Attachment provides children with what?

Answer 7

A base of operation for exploration, the motivation to learn and explore about the world and develop new skills is assumed to be intrinsic in infants

Question 8

How are child-parent connections formed and reinforced?

Answer 8

Through sensorial contact: gazing, smelling, tasting, hearing, touching, rocking, feeding, bathing, changing, playing and vocalizing

Question 9

Examples of infant attachment

Answer 9

Interactive play, infants imitate and initiate interactions, engage parents through looking, smiling, cooing, babbling and motion, relationship is used for communication

Question 10

What are infants sensory capacities genetically prepared to respond to?

Answer 10

Human interaction, infant-parent interactions and sensory activities shape the experience of the child

Question 11

What is a critical stimulus for a baby?

Answer 11

The mother’s face, and infants will imitate it! That is why vision is central to neurobiology of attachment

Question 12

What do newborns have a preference for?

Answer 12

For the scent of their mothers breast milk and a preference for their voice

Question 13

Transitional objects

Answer 13

Exemplify the toddlers ability to symbolize the attachment relationship, helps them cope with separations from parents and other potentially stressful situations

Question 14

What does a transitional object symbolize?

Answer 14

Symbolizes the relationship with the primary caregiver but also the toddler gives the object powers to soother and protect, the child has control of it and it is comforting when the parent isn’t around

Question 15

Strange situation procedure (Ainsworth)

Answer 15

Infant and mom come into a room, stranger comes in, mother leaves, showed a attachment response from the child

Question 16

Factors that influence parental responsiveness

Answer 16

-The caregivers own early experience of being cared for
-parental risk factors such as mental illness to substance abuse
-whether the caregiver is receiving outside support from other adults

Question 17

4 different types of attachment styles

Answer 17

Secure, Insecure/avoidant, insecure/ambivalent, insecure/disorganized

Question 18

Secure attachment

Answer 18

Showed confidence in the attachment relationship, children were soothed quickly, relieved and happy to see mom, when mom was present children explored the room

Question 19

Implications for secure attachment

Answer 19

Children are experienced as more flexible and resourceful, more open to learning, have fewer behavioral problems, shows empathy

Question 20

Insecure-Avoidant

Answer 20

Showed a little attachment behavior during strange situation procedure, played independently, was not distressed when mom left the room, avoided contact with mom even when the mother was trying to engage, attachment was not important! Moms spoke about baby in a negative way, at home they may be rejected or ignored by their mom, mom seems angry

Question 21

Implications for insecure-avoidant

Answer 21

Child has higher levels of hostility and unprovoked aggressive behavior, more negative interactions with other children, don’t ask for help

Question 22

Insecure-ambivalent/resistant attachment

Answer 22

Behavior conveys a strong need for attachment but a lack of confidence in its availability, could not be soothed, these infants are conflicted about wanting the contact, but being angry w/ mom for being inconsistent

Question 23

Implications for insecure-ambivalent/resistant

Answer 23

Remain preoccupied with attachment at the expense of exploring their world, unable to master normative separation fears, social withdrawal and poor social skills, low levels of autonomous behavior

Question 24

Insecure-disorganized/disoriented

Answer 24

Much less organized compared to the other insecure attachment types, contradictory behavior upon reunification, infant appears confused and disorganized and attempts to reestablish attachment are disrupted by internal conflicts, may go to a stranger for comfort

Usually these children are afraid of their caregivers, unresolved trauma and maltreatment, could be found with parents with serious mental illness and these children may have higher resting heart rates

Question 25

Implications for insecure-disorganized/disoriented

Answer 25

Poor self confidence, poor academic achievement, use of dissociation as a preferred defense, poor overall outcome, poor social skills, increased aggressive behavior

Question 26

Cultural considerations for attachment

Answer 26

Different values and practices of caregiving influenced the expression of attachment behavior across cultures, the rates of secure attachment is between 65-70%, western cultures that value independent and self reliance have higher rates of type A attachment

Question 27

Insecure attachment is developed by what %

Answer 27

Developed by 70-100% of neglected, abused and traumatized children, a neglected child received insufficient sensory stimulation

Question 28

Children who have a absence of secure base results

Answer 28

In decreased exploratory behavior, less self confidence

Question 29

Children with mothers with severe and chronic depression are likely to be

Answer 29

Insecurely attached- 55-85%, the depressed parent shows less physical affection- provide less sensory stimulation, children experienced severe/chronic trauma are at risk of insecure disorganized attachment

Question 30

What is an outcome of relational trauma?

Answer 30

Insecure attachment

Question 31

What is the cause of emotional disturbances such as anxiety, depression, aggression, attachment disorders, sensory disorders?

Answer 31

Relational trauma and sensory deprivation in the child-parent relationship

Question 32

How is RAD (reactive attachment disorder) described?

Answer 32

Describes young children who exhibit limited or absent initiation or response to social interactions with caregivers and aberrant social behaviors.

Question 33

What is RAD essentially?

Answer 33

the absence of a preferred attachment to anyone.

Question 34

Indiscriminate sociability

Answer 34

Wandering off without distress, approaching strangers, going off with strangers without checking back with a parent, never being shy with new adults, being friendly with new adults

Question 35

New disorder disinhibited social engagement disorder

Answer 35

1) A lack of social reticence with unfamiliar adults. 2) failure to check back with caregivers in unfamiliar settings 3) a willingness to go off with strangers without checking

Question 36

What’s the difference between RAD and DSED?

Answer 36

Both conditions can be seen in institutionalized children, linked to a history of pathogenic care. RAD- had only been linked to children who lack secure attachments. You see a sense of expected comfort seeking behaviors DSED- has been linked to children who lacked secure attachments but have experienced some recovery. Also treatment resistant. Do not see as much improvement with healthy caregiving as opposed to RAD where massive improvement is also noted

Question 37

How are RAD & DSED misdiagnosed?

Answer 37

DSED- misdiagnosed with ADHD RAD- misdiagnosed with autistic

Question 38

DSED is no emergence of the disorder if

Answer 38

Neglect begins after the age of 2

Question 39

The assessment process should address?

Answer 39

Caregiver emotional availability, child emotional regulation, caregiver nurturance, warmth, sensitivity, child trust-security, caregiver protection, child vigilance-self protection

Question 40

What did John Bowlby say?

Answer 40

Goal of attachment behavior is to keep close to a preferred person, in order to maintain a sense of security

Question 41

What is the biggest indicator for attachment in the strange situation

Answer 41

a child's behavior during reunion episodes with their caregiver

Question 42

Basic assumptions of attachment

Answer 42

-Attachment is a universal phenomenon in humans -expression of attachment varies across cultures -attachments develop with specific people usually in order of preference

Question 43

PIR-GAS

Answer 43

The parent infant relationship global assessment scale, allows for a judgment about the relationship classification being evaluated ranges from well adapted to documented maltreatment

Question 44

RPCL

Answer 44

The relationship problems checklist, quality of relationship is defined in terms of characteristic behavioral quality, affective tone and psychological involvement