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Anatomy > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Single layer, cuboidal or columnar cells

Only living and dividing layer

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2
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Thick, cuboidal cells

Living but not dividing

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3
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Apoptosis starts because of keratinization

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4
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only in thick skin

Palms of hands, soles of feet

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5
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Upper layers of skin

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6
Q

Carotene

A

Precursor of vitamin A which is used for pigments for vision

Stored in stratum corneum, fatty areas of dermis and subcutaneous layer when you eat too much

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7
Q

Melanin

A

Synthesized from tyrosine by melanosomes
High level of melanocytes in epidermis of penis, nipples and areolae, face and limbs, mucous membranes
Exposure to UV light > DNA damage > melanin production

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8
Q

What differs about melanin between people?

A

Number of melanocytes stays the same

Amount of pigment produced varies

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9
Q

Mole

A

Overgrowth of melanocytes

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10
Q

Papillary region

A

Made of areolar connective tissue

Upper 1/5 of dermis

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11
Q

Reticular region

A

Bottom 4/5 of dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Around hair follicles

Produce sebum or oil

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13
Q

Sudoriferous apocrine glands

A

Come around puberty, pubic areas

Larger

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14
Q

Sudoriferous eccrine (merocrine) glands

A

Involved in thermal regulation
Smaller
Sweat glands

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15
Q

Vellus hair

A

Peach fuzz

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16
Q

Terminal hair

A

On head

Eyebrows, eyelashes, hair

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17
Q

Intermediate hair

A

Arms and legs

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18
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Stands hair follicle up

In papillary layer

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19
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Layered
Deep pressure and vibration
Hypodermis

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20
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A 
In papilla (bumps)
Light touch
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21
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Reticular layer

Stretching

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22
Q

Merkel cells

A

Stratum basale

Very fine touch

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23
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blood is not picking up adequate oxygen from lungs. Mucous membranes, nail beds and skin appears bluish. Increased quantity of methemoglobin

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24
Q

Jaundice

A

Build up of the bilirubin in the skin. Yellowish appearance to skin and sclerae of eyes. Indicate liver disease

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25
Q

Erythema

A

Redness of skin. Caused by engorgement of capillaries in the dermis. Due to skin injury, exposure to heat, infection, inflammation or allergic reactions.

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26
Q

Facial blushing

A

Erythema in the thin skin of the face

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27
Q

Pallor

A

Paleness of skin. Occurs in shock or anemia.

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28
Q

Lips Stratum corneum

A

Thin SC that blood vessels show through

Darker skin - examine nail beds and gums

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29
Q

Burns causes

A

Excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in the skin cells

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30
Q

First degree burns

A

Involves only epidermis
Characterized by mild pain and erythema but no blisters
Skin functions remain intact
Flush with cold water
Heal in 3-6 days, accompanied by flaking or peeling
Mild sunburn

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31
Q

Second degree burns

A

Destroys portion of epidermis and possibly parts of dermis
Some skin functions are lost
Redness, blister formation, edema and pain
Associated structures usually not injured
Heal in 3-4 weeks, scarring may result

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32
Q

Third degree burns

A

Most skin functions are lost
Destroys portion of epidermis, underlying dermis and associated structures
Marked edema and region is numb because sensory nerve endings are destroyed
Regeneration is slow, granulation tissue forms
Skin grafting (integra)

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33
Q

Partial thickness burns

A

First degree and second degree burns

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34
Q

Full thickness burns

A

Third degree burns

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35
Q

5 Systemic Impacts of Burns

A
  1. Large loss of water, plasma and plasma proteins (causes shock)
  2. Bacterial infection
  3. Reduced circulation
  4. Decreased production of urine
  5. Diminished immune responses
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36
Q

Rule of Nines

A
  1. 9% if both anterior and posterior surfaces of head and neck
  2. 9% for both anterior and posterior surfaces of each upper limb (18% for both)
  3. 4x9 or 36% for both anterior and posterior surfaces of the trunk, including buttocks
  4. 9% for anterior and 9% for posterior surfaces of each lower limb (36% for both)
  5. 1% for perineum
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37
Q

Skin graft

A

Covering wound with patch of healthy skin from donor sites
Protects against fluid loss and infection, promotes tissue healing, reduces scar formation, prevents loss of function and cosmetic reasons
Autograft or isograft (identical twin)

38
Q

Autologous skin transplantation

A

Keratinocytes from self are cultured

39
Q

Apligraft and transite

A

Grown in laboratory from foreskin of circumsized infants

40
Q

Hemangiomas

A

Birthmark, local benign tumor of skin and subcutaneous layer that results from abnormal increase in number of blood vessels

41
Q

Eczema

A

Inflammation of skin. Patches of red, blistering, dry, extremely itchy skin.
Prominent in skin creases
Begins in infancy, children may outgrow
Cause is unknown but linked to genetics and allergies

42
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic skin disorder in which keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from SB to SC. Surface cells never get a chance to cycle into the alter keratinizing stages and are shed prematurely

43
Q

Dandruff

A

Psoriasis on scalp

44
Q

Keloid

A

Elevated, irregular darkened area of excess scar tissue cause by collagen formation during healing. Extends beyond original tissue and is tender and frequently painful.
Affects dermis and underlying subcutaneous tissue
After trauma, surgery or severe acne

45
Q

Erysipelas

A

Streptococcal infection of skin. May become systemic and involve lymphatic and cardiovascular systems. Characterized by sharp margin

46
Q

Pressure/decubitis ulcers

A

Lesion through skin or mucous membranes caused by a constant deficiency of blood to tissues.
Often overlies bony projection exposed to prolonged pressure against an object

47
Q

Hives/Urticara

A

Skin with reddened, elevated patches that are often itchy. Caused by infections, physical traumas, emotional stresses, food additives and allergies

48
Q

Transdermal drug administration

A

Adhesive skin patch with drug that passes across epidermis into blood vessel of dermis
I.e.: nicotine, fentanyl

49
Q

Acne

A

Inflammation of sebaceous glands at puberty when sebaceous glands are stimulated by androgens.
Occurs predominately in sebaceous follicles colonized by bacteria which thrive in lipid rich sebum

50
Q

Cystic Acne

A

Causes cyst or sac of connective tissue cells to form which can destroy and displace epidermal cells

51
Q

Vitiligo

A

Partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots
Maybe caused by immune response? Antibodies attacking melanocytes

52
Q

Basal cell carcinomas

A

78% of skin cancers

tumors arise from stratum basale and rarely metastasize

53
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas

A

20% of skin cancers

tumors arise from stratum spinosum and have a variable tendency to metastasize

54
Q

Non-melanomas

A

Basal and squamous cell carcinomas

50% more common in males

55
Q

Malignant melanomas

A

2%
Arise from from melanocytes
Risk is 1/75 due to depletion of ozone and more time in sun
Metastasize rapidly and kill within months of diagnosis

56
Q

ABCD of Malignant Melanomas

A

Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter (>6 mm)

57
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A 
Functions
1. Strength
2. Elasticity
3. Support
Location ("packing material")
1. Subcutaneous layer around organs
2. Lamina propria
58
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A 
Functions
1. Reduces heat loss through skin
2. Energy reserve
Location (mainly with areolar)
1. Around heart and kidneys
2. Padding around joins
59
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A 
Functions
1. Binds together smooth muscle tissue in cells
2. Filters and removes RBCs in spleen
Location
1. Bone marrow
2. Spleen and lymph nodes
60
Q

Dense regular tissue

A 
Functions
1. Provides strong attachment between structures
2. Withstands tension along axis
Location
1. Tendons
2. Ligaments
61
Q

Dense Irregular TIssue

A

Function: provides tensile strength in many directions
Location
1. Pericardium
2. Heart valves

62
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Function: allows stretching of organs
Location (with transitional epithelium)
1. Lung wall
2. True vocal chords

63
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Function (weakest cartilage): smooth surface for movement at joints
Location
1. Nose
2. Trachea

64
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Function (strongest, rigid): support and join structures together
Location
1. Pubic symphysis
2. Menisci

65
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A 
Function
1. Provides strength and elasticity
2. Maintains shape of certain structures
Location
1. Auricle
2. Auditory (eustachian) tubes
66
Q

Fixed cells

A 
Fibroblasts
Fixed macrophages
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Melanocytes
67
Q

Wandering cells

A

Free macrophages
Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Microphages

68
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Most abundant, large, star shaped
Produce fibers and components of extracellular matrix
Found in all general connective tissue

69
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

White blood cells

irregularly shaped and utilized to engulf invaders and damaged cells by phagocytosis

70
Q

Where are fixed macrophages found?

A

Aveolar- lungs

Splenic- spleen

71
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells, number varies between types of connective tissues

Found around organs and deep in skin

72
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells, respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce new cells

73
Q

Melanocytes

A 
Produce melanin (a dark brown pigment), common in epithelial tissue
Also found in connective tissue
74
Q

Free macrophages

A

Like fixed macrophages but are free to circulate throughout connective tissues
Blood - monocytes

75
Q

Mast cells

A

Small, mobile cells found near blood vessels

Secrete histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation in response to injury/infection

76
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Migrate throughout the body and increase in number where tissue damage occurs
Can develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies

77
Q

Neutrophils

A

Gather at sites of infection
Respond to chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells
Phagocytic
Microphage

78
Q

Eosinophil

A

Gather at sites of parasitic invasions and allergic responses
Respond to macrophages and mast cells
Phagocytic
Microphages

79
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Relatively thick, thread-like and composed of collagen
Occur in long, parallel bundles
Withstand force when pulled along axis
Hard to see in light microscopy

80
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Thinner and form complex networks - branched

Return to original length after stretching

81
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Highly branched and delicate supporting networks

Able to resist forces applied from many directions

82
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Function
1. Sites of filtration, diffusion and secretion. Not found in areas of mechanical stress
Location
Lines cardiovascular and lymphatic system (endothelium)
Serous membranes such as peritoneum, pluera and pericardium (mesothelium)
Air sacs of lungs, Bowman’s capsule of kidneys, inner surface of tympanic membrane

83
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Function
Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation, and foreign invasion. First line of defense against microbes
Location
Line wet surfaces such as mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, vagina and tongue

84
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Function
Secretion and absorption
Location
Surface of ovary, anterior surface of capsule of lens of eye, pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina, lines kidney tubules and smalls ducts, secretory portion of glands like thyroid and ducts like pancreas

85
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Function
Protection and limited secretion and absorptions
Location
Ducts of adult sweat glands, esophageal glands and part of male urethra

86
Q

Transition epithelium

A

Function
It allows the urinary organs to stretch to hold a variable amount of fluid without rupturing, while serving as a protective lining.
Location
Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra

87
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Function
Cilia beat to move mucus and foreign particles
Location
Lines bronchioles, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, paranasul sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain

88
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Function
Secretes mucus that traps foreign particle, cilia sweep away. Absorption and protection
Location
Airways of upper respiratory tract

89
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Function
Protection and secretion
Location
Lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts (esophageal glands), small areas in anal mucous membrane, and conjunctiva of eye

90
Q

Keratonized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Function
Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation, and foreign invasion. First line of defense against microbes
Location
Superficial layer of skin

Anatomy (8 decks)

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