Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is known as the result of an innate blueprint for movement and a person’s experiences with movement?What is the ultimate goal? How long does it take to happen?
- Motor Development
- Upright walking
- Months, years/decades
What is known as the ability to maintain and change posture and movement? What is it a result of? How long does it take to happen?
- Motor control
- Neurologic and Mechanical Processes (motor, cognitive, and perceptual development).
- In seconds
What is imperative with MOTOR CONTROL?
Sensation
What is known as the process that brings about a PERMANENT change in motor performance as a result of practice and experience? How long does it take to happen?
- Motor Learning
- Days/Weeks
In theories of motor control: the hierarchy theory; what area is known as the highest level of control with subcortical structures taking orders from it?
The cortex of the brain
What is the model looks at movement with a strong emphasis on motor development?
Hierarchy Theory: Theories of motor control
What is the basic unit of movement in the Hierarchy Theory?
Reflexes
What is acquired from the chaining together of reflexes and
reactions in the Hierarchy Theory?
Movement
Flexor Withdrawal (when an infant pulls the foot away in response to a painful stimulus on the foot) is an example of what type of reflex? Where does it occur?
- Simple Reflex
- Spinal Cord Level (where simple reflexes occur)
What reflex produces changes in muscle tone and posture? Where does it occur?
- Tonic Reflex (Higher Level Reflexes)
- Brain Stem
In the development of motor control, the initial random movements followed by maintenance of a posture is known as?
Stability
In the development of motor control, the initial random movements followed by movements within a posture is known as?
Mobility
In the development of motor control, the initial random movements followed by movement from one posture to another is known as?
Skill
In the Hierarchy Theory, Tonic reflexes inhibit ______.
Spinal Cord Reflexes
In the Hierarchy Theory Tonic, Righting reactions inhibit _______.
Tonic Reflexes
In the Hierarchy Theory: developement of motor control, what are the POSTURAL REACTIONS?
- Righting Reactions
- Protective Reactions
- Equillibrium Reactions
In the Hierarchy Theory: developement of motor control, What is known as the initial balance reactions where the drive is for the head to be oriented with eyes horizontal?
Righting Reactions (Head righting reactions develop before trunk righting reactions).
In the Hierarchy Theory: developement of motor control, What is known as the use of the extremities to balance/catch body when the trunk is not strong enough or the displacement to balance is strong?
Protective Extension Reaction
In the Hierarchy Theory: developement of motor control, What is known as the most mature reactions and last to develop?*These reactions allow the body as a whole to adapt to slow changes in the relationship of the center of gravity within the base of support. Equilibrium reactions usually involve rotation.
Equilibrium Reactions (usually involve rotation)
In the Theories of Motor Control: The Systems Models, the underlying assumption that inherent in any systems model is
the view that motor control is accomplished by the complex interaction of many systems of the body, not just the nervous system is number ______ out of the 3.
One (motor control happens by many body systems interactions, not just nervous system)
In the Theories of Motor Control: The Systems Model, the underlying assumption that as the body grows and the body systems mature, the speed of nervous system responses increase and the changing relationship among the body systems produces different motor responses is number ______ out of the 3.
Two (Posture and movement are thought to be self organizing)
In the Theories of Motor Control: The Systems Model, the underlying assumption that Feedback is essential in the systems theories is number ______ out of the 3.
Three (To control movements, the individual needs to know whether the movement has been successful in the past)
In general the Hierarchical Motor Control theory vs the Systems Theory BASIS OF CONTROL is?
CNS Maturation vs Self Organizing
In general the Hierarchical Motor Control theory vs the Systems Theory TYPE OF POSTURAL RESPONSE is?
Reactive vs Steady State and Anticipatory
In general the Hierarchical Motor Control theory vs the Systems Theory EXAMPLES OF POSTURAL RESPONSE is?
Righting, Equilibrium and Protective Extension responses vs Standing Sway strategies and Postural Readiness
Why is it important to know about motor learning?
- Understand how to retrain skills
- Understand how humans learn skills
What are the 3 phases of motor learning?
- Congnitive
- Associative
- Autonomous
With motor learning, the Cognitive Phase is marked by ______. The therapist should ______. It’s important to ______. The goal is _____.
- figuring out movement/different methods (lots of errors)
- give pt feedback (the most)
- opportunity to make mistakes and learn
- UNDERSTAND what to do
With motor learning, the Associative Phase is marked by ______. The therapist should ______. It’s important to ______. The goal is _____.
- shifting from understanding to refining movement
- pull back to encourage pt to figure things out (feedback less but more focused
- progress to more challenging conditions; variable and environmental
- HOW to perform task (stage longer than 1st; Cognitive)
With motor learning, the Autonomous Phase is marked by ______. The therapist should ______. The goal is and it is important to_____.
- pt knowing movement (automatic)
- challenge pt (normal practice, open environment)
- the pt to perform movement in all conditions
In MOTOR LEARNING, what are the 4 types of feedback?
- Intrensic (Inherent)
- Extrensic (Augmented); concurrent and terminal
- Knowledge of Results (KR)
- Knowledge of Importance
In motor learning what feedback comes to a person through various sensory systems as a nature result of the movement (includes proprioceptive, visual, vestibular, and cutaneous)?
Intrinsic (Inherent): natural result of movement
In motor learning what feedback involves incorporating sensory cues provided that they are normally received during the movement (includes visual, auditory, and tactile cues such as verbal/manual cues. Biofeedback)
Extrinsic (Augmented): incorporating sensory cues not normally received during movement
What type of feedback is given during the task performance (as performed)?
Concurrent Feedback
What type of feedback is given at the end of performance (at end of performance)?
Terminal Feedback
What is the terminal feedback about the outcome of the movement in terms of the movement’s goal?
Knowledge of Results ( KR)
What is the feedback relating to the movement pattern achieved used to achieve the goal?
Knowledge of Performance
What type of questions should we ask ourselves during feedback?What are they called?
- What type of feedback should be employed (mode)?
- How much feedback should be used (intensity)?
- When should feedback be given (scheduling)?
In motor learning theories there is a System 3 Stage Model (degrees of freedom problem). What are the stages?
1st stage NOVICE
2nd stage ADVANCED
3rd stage ALL COMBINED
In the System’s 3 stage model-degrees of freedom problem, learning that simplifies the movement; restricting or coupling multiple joints together (at the cost of efficiency and flexibility) is none as what stage?
1st stage NOVICE
In the System’s 3 stage model-degrees of freedom problem, learning begins to release some degrees of freedom is known as what stage?
2nd stage ADVANCED
In the System’s 3 stage model-degrees of freedom problem, all degrees of freedom are released is known as what stage?
3rd stage (All COMBINED;released)
What is the difference between performance vs learning?
Performance is demonstrated vs Learning is a permanent change.
*improved performance does not always improve learning
In practice conditions what is defined as a session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials?
Massed Practice (Massed vs Distributed)
In practice conditions, what is defined as a session in which the amount of rest between trials equals or is greater than the amount of time for a trial?
Distributed Practice (Massed vs Distributed)
In practice conditions what is defined as practicing in the same conditions?
Constant Practice (Constant vs Variable)
In practice conditions what is defined as practice of same task but different conditions?
Variable Practice (Constant vs Variable) *Foam obstacles, noise, bright/dark
In practice conditions what is defined as performing task in a varied order? *better for learning (autonomous)
Random Practice (Random vs Blocked)
In practice conditions what is defined as practicing a series of task in a particular order? *better for acquisition
Blocked Practice ( Random vs Blocked)
In practice conditions what is defined as when a patient breaks down task into parts (*pt masters each part before practicing the entirety of task) and is most effective when all of the task is inherently organized that way; reaching vs Gait?
Whole vs Part
Ability of training of one task to apply to a new task, or same task, in new environment (generalization)?
Transfer Practice Conditions
In physiological changes to learning all learning can be demonstrated at the cellular level by changes in synaptic activity aka?
Neuroplasticity
In physiological changes to learning long term changes need to be repeated enough for what type of connections to stay?
Neuronal Connections
In motor recovery vs compensation, achieving function through original process is known as?
Recovery
In motor recovery vs compensation, achieving function through alternative process is known as?
Compensatory
In motor recovery vs compensation, achieving function not lost in spite of injury is known as?
Sparing of Function
- focus on active practice of motor skills “use it or lose it”
- repetition
- focus on modifying motor skills “ use and shape to pt ability”
- enhance att and feedback
- target Goal- directed skills
- timing is important
- age
Is all part of…..?
Principles of Promoting Function-Induced Recovery
In PNF: UE D1 Flexion patterns, what are the motion components?
- Flexion/Adduction/ER
In PNF: UE D1 Extension patterns, what are the motion components?
- Extension/Abduction/IR
In PNF: UE D2 Flexion patterns, what are the motion components?
- Flexion/Abduction/ER
In PNF: UE D2 Extension patterns, what are the motion components?
- Extension/Adduction/IR
