QUIZ 2

Question 1

1. Define tolerance

Answer 1

• Decreased effectiveness of drug that results from repeated administrations

Question 2

2. What are the three factors for tolerance reversal

Answer 2

The drug the dose and the frequency

Question 3

3. Define Pharmacokinetic tolerance

Answer 3

Increase in the rate or ability of a drug to metabolize a drug resulting in fewer drug molecules reaching their sites of action.

Result of enzyme increase in destroying drug

Question 4

4. Define Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Answer 4

Up regulation and down regulation of transmitter receptors.

This homeostatic mechanism that detects when this happens and the cell can:

1. Manufacture more and more receptor sites
2. Increase synthesis and release of transmitter
3. Change its sensitivity to transmitter

Question 5

5. Define Functional disturbances

Answer 5

Tolerance will develop only in a circumstance where a drug places a demand on an organism’s homeostatic mechanisms. Tolerance to drug effects that are not detected or that do not disrupt functioning does not develop.

Question 6

6. Define Behavioral tolerance

Answer 6

Influenced by learning and conditioning

Experience with a drug the organism learns to decrease the effect that the drug is having.

Question 7

Define Withdrawal and give three characteristics of withdrawal

Answer 7

Physiological changes that occur when the use of a drug is stopped or a dosage is decreased.

1. Different drugs different withdrawal symptoms
2. Same class same symptoms
3. Withdrawal can be stopped instantly by giving the drug that was discontinued

Symptoms are:

insomnia
anxiety
headache

Question 8

8. Explain the Opponent process theory

Answer 8

Abused drugs stimulate an A process that creates a euphoric state but soon after a compensatory B process is evoked that creates a dysphonic state.

When the drug activity terminates the A process stops and so does pleasure but the continuation of the B process for a brief time causes the person to experience dysporia

Question 9

9. What is sensitization

Answer 9

Most of the time when drug is repeated tolerance develops to many effects of the drug.

However an effect of a drug can increase with repeated administrations or sensitization or reverse tolerance

Sensitization is a mirror image of tolerance except that the conditioned response is a drug like response rather than a drug opposite response

Question 10

10. What is the placebo effect (Placebo effect)

Answer 10

The context in which a drug is administered is capable of having a significant influence on the effect of that drug.

Question 11

11. What are the Factors that modify placebo

Answer 11

Strength of expectation of a particular drug effect.

Nocebo effect (side effects of no drug)

Self administration >

Novel environments >