QUIZ 1

Question 1

What is a drug? Substances that alters the physiology of the body (not to include food and nutrients)

Answer 1

– Drug nomen is based on the Intention of drug user. To get high or to treat a disorder

Question 2

What are some differences between drug action and drug effect?

Answer 2

– Drug action: specific molecular changes produced by a drug.

– These drug effects are the widespread alterations in physiological or psychological functions produced by the molecular changes.

– Drugs are incapable of creating new cellular functions they only modify the existing biological systems by increasing or decreasing their cellular activity. Ie. They can increase or decrease heart rate, attenuate (reduction in strength) anxiety, or reduce pain.

– Drugs lack specificity they almost always have several effects. Such as amphetamines increase motor activity, increases heart rate and decreases appetite

Question 3

Explain a therapeutic index and draw a representative graph with ED50 and LD50

Answer 3

• ED99 is the dose effective in 99% of subjects
• ED50 the median effective dose is the dose effective in 50% of people
• LD 50 is the median lethal dose or dose that killed 50% of the subjects.
• LD1 is the dose where one person dies.
• In DRC where vertical axis I continuous the ED50 is the dose that produces 50 % of the maximum effect that the drug causes at any dose

Question 4

Name the parenteral sites

Answer 4

•	Subcutaneous 
•	Intramuscular 
•	Intraperitoneal
•	Intravenous 
•	Intrathecal injections
•	Intraventricular  
–	cannulas

Question 5

Name four basic processes for pharmacokinetics and define each.

Answer 5

• The study of how drugs move into, get around in and are eliminated from the body is called pharmacokinetics
• route of administration
• Absorption- how a drug gets into the blood
• Distribution- where it goes into the body
• Binding target sites and storage depots

– Inactivation

• Excretion – how the drug leaves the body, excretion products,

Question 6

The distribution of drug is based on what qualities?

Answer 6

Lipid solubility

Ion Trapping

Active transport- sodium potassium pump

Passive transport –protein molecules –non lipid soluble
by way of diffusion

Protein binding – like depot

Placental barrier

Question 7

Describe first pass metabolism

Answer 7

• refers to metabolism of drug in the digestive system or liver before it gets into general circulation.
• Not all metabolism of drugs takes place after absorption and distribution have occurred.
• Drugs absorbed from the digestive system are absorbed into the blood. that goes to the liver before it returns to the heart.
• This means that any drug absorbed from the digestive system will pass through the liver before going anywhere else in the body and will be subjected o a certain amount of metabolism by liver enzymes. = First pass metabolism

Question 8

Describe and draw a therapeutic window.

Answer 8

• The therapeutic index (TI) is used to describe the safety of a drug.
• This is ratio of LD to ED; TI = LD 50/ ED50 the higher the index the higher the safetyOr

• Drug safety is a measure of ratio of ED99 and the LD1