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Personality Psych > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the response to the first situationist argument: predictability?

A

-A correlation of .40 is not small
-Comparison to an absolute standard: number of correct and incorrect predictions
BESD: r = .40 70% accuracy
-Comparison to a relative standard: other methods used to predict behavior

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2
Q

What is the Second Situationist Argument: Situationism?

A
  • Behavior is determined by situations, not personality

- Determining how personality affects behavior: correlate personality and behavior

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3
Q

Situationism- How do you determine how situations affect behavior?

A

total variance minus “variance explained” by personality

  • Not legitimate
  • Could be due to other personality traits
  • Says nothing about important aspects of the situation
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4
Q

Situationism- How should the effects of situations on behavior be determined?

A

It should be based on social psychological experiments

  • Convert statistical significance tests to effect sizes
  • Funder & Ozer, 1983: situational effect sizes = .36 to .42
  • Conclusion: both personality and situations are important determinants of behavior
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5
Q

What is the Third Situationist Argument: Person Perceptions are Erroneous?

A

The effects of personality on behavior are large enough to be perceived accurately
The importance of traits is reflected in our language

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6
Q

How Does Personality Effect Life?

A

Personality affects and predicts important life outcomes (health, well-being, relationship quality, career success, etc.)
Over time, how a person acts will add up

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7
Q

What are individual outcomes of Extraversion?

A

Happiness
Gratitude
Longevity
Psychological Health

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8
Q

What are Individual outcomes of Agreeableness?

A 
Religious Involvement
Forgiveness
humor
Heart health, longevity
psychological health
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9
Q

What are Individual outcomes of Neuroticism?

A

unhappiness

poor coping

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10
Q

What are Individual outcomes of openness

A

Forgiveness
inspiration
substance abuse

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11
Q

What are interpersonal outcomes of Extraversion?

A

Peer acceptance, success in dating and relationships, attractiveness, status

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12
Q

What are interpersonal outcomes of Agreeableness?

A

Peer acceptance, dating satisfaction

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13
Q

What are interpersonal outcomes of conscientiousness?

A

Family satisfaction

dating satisfaction

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14
Q

What are interpersonal outcomes of neuroticism?

A

Poor family relations

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15
Q

What are institutional outcomes of extraversion?

A

Occupational satisfaction
community involvement
leadership

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16
Q

What are institutional outcomes of agreeableness?

A

Social interests
job attainment
avoidance of criminal behavior

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17
Q

What are institutional outcomes of conscientiousness?

A

Job performance
occupational success
political conservatism
avoidance of criminal behavior

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18
Q

What are institutional outcomes of neuroticism

A

Occupational dissatisfaction

criminal behavior

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19
Q

What are institutional outcomes of openness?

A

artistic interests

political liberalism

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20
Q

Personality traits are better for describing what?

A

Personality traits are better for describing how people act in general

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21
Q

How does personality relate to Relationships and jobs?

A
  • Personality predicts number of friends, level of agreement with them, and the extent to which people have successful and nonabusive relationships
  • Personality predicts how much people will promote the goals of the organization for which they work
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22
Q

What is interaction?

A

View that persons and situations are constantly interacting with each other to produce behavior.

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23
Q

What is interactionism?

A

The effect of a personality variable may depend on the situation, or vice versa
Certain types of people go to or find themselves in different types of situations
People change the situations that they are in
Example: Stanford Prison Experiment

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24
Q

What is Situationism’s view of human nature?

A

People are free to do whatever they want
Everybody is equal, and differences are a function of the situation (vs. some people, based on their traits, are likely to have bad outcomes)

25
Q

What is personality’s view of human nature?

A

People can develop consistent identities and styles that allow them to be themselves across situations

26
Q

What is the resolution of the person situation debate?

A

People maintain their personalities even as they adapt their behavior to particular situations.
People can flexibly adapt to situations and have a generally consistent personal style

27
Q

What is Funder’s conclusion?

A

people are psychologically different, and these differences matter

28
Q

What was the The person-situation debate based on?

A

was based on the finding that people are somewhat inconsistent across time.

29
Q

What is true of the trait approach to understanding personality?

A

It is based on empirical data.

30
Q

What does the trait approach propose?

A
  • personality matters because it affects and predicts important life outcomes.
  • personality is important because it has small effects on behavior that add up over time.
  • personality is better for explaining how people behave in general than are situations.
31
Q

What are Positive Correlates Associated with Extraversion?

A

Talkative, assertive, energetic, outgoing, dominant, enthusiastic

32
Q

What are Positive Correlates Associated with agreeableness?

A

sympathetic, kind, appreciative, affectionate, softhearted, warm

33
Q

What are Positive Correlates Associated with neuroticism?

A

Tense, anxious, nervous, moody, worrying, touchy

34
Q

What are Positive Correlates Associated with openness/ intellect?

A

Wide interests, imaginative, intelligent, insightful, curious, sophisticated

35
Q

What are negative correlates of extraversion?

A

Quiet, reserved, shy, silent, withdrawn

36
Q

What are negative correlates of agreeableness?

A

fault finding, cold, unfriendly, quarrelsome, hardhearted

37
Q

What are negative correlates of conscientiousness?

A

careless, disorderly, frivolous, irresponsible, slipshod

38
Q

What are negative correlates of Neuroticism?

A

Stable, calm, contended, unemotional

39
Q

What are negative correlates of Openness/ intellect?

A

Commonplace, narrow interests, simple, shallow, unintelligent

40
Q

What are the Implications of the Big Five?

A
  • Traits are orthogonal or unrelated
  • Can bring order to many research findings
  • More complex than they seem at first
41
Q

What is Extraversion?

A

social, outgoing, active, outspoken, dominant, adventurous

42
Q

What are advantages of extraversion?

A

higher status, rated as more popular and physically attractive, more positive emotions

43
Q

What are disadvantages of extraversion?

A

mate poaching ( attempts stealing someones partner)

44
Q

What are life outcomes of extraversion?

A

happy, grateful, long life, healthy, successful relationships, etc

45
Q

What are disadvantages of Neuroticism?

A
  • emotional instability
  • Ineffective problem solving, strong negative reactions to stress
  • Negatively correlated with happiness, well-being, and physical health
  • General tendency toward psychopathology
46
Q

What are life outcomes for neuroticism?

A

problems in family relationships, dissatisfied with jobs, criminal behavior

47
Q

What are the tendencies of the trait agreeableness?

A
  • conformity, compliance, likeability, warmth
    Tendency to be cooperative and easy to get along with
    Smoke less (in recent research)
    Women tend to be higher than men
    Among children, related to less vulnerability of being bullied
48
Q

What are the life outcomes of agreeableness?

A

psychologically well-adjusted, healthy heart, dating satisfaction

49
Q

What is the most controversial trait?

A

openness.
Approach to intellectual matters or basic intelligence
Value of cultural matters (literature, art)
Creativity and perceptiveness
-Less replicable across samples and cultures
-Viewed by others as creative, open-minded, and clever

50
Q

What are the life outcomes of openness?

A

drug use, artistic interests

51
Q

What are criticisms of the big 5?

A

Not orthogonal
There is more to personality
No real research on how the traits combine to create personality
Describes (somewhat) but does not explain, and may be too based on language
Too broad for conceptual understanding

52
Q

What is the Typological Approach to Personality?

A
  • Based on doubt about whether it is valid to compare people quantitatively on the same trait dimensions
    • Instead, sort patterns of traits into types
  • Important differences between people may be qualitative
53
Q

What are the three replicable types?

Typological approach

A

Well-adjusted (Ego resilient), maladjusted overcontrolling, maladjusted undercontrolling
But types do not predict behavior beyond what can be predicted with quantitative trait scores

54
Q

What is Personality development?

A
  • change in personality over time, including from infancy and childhood to adulthood
  • its a Combination of genetic factors and early experience (plus, later “goodness of fit” between person and environment)
55
Q

What is Personality Development over the Lifespan?

A

Keeps developing across the entire lifespan
Strong tendency to maintain individual differences throughout life in comparison to others (rank-order consistency)
Stability increases with age
Also evidence of mean level change over time
Most change occurs in young adulthood
May be based on changing social roles
Life circumstances may be more important than age

56
Q

A researcher who is interested in the construct of cooperativeness and wants to discover what this trait is able to predict should use which approach?

A

Single Method Approach

57
Q

What are statements about personality development?

A

Rank order stability tends to be high.

The mean levels of traits change over time.

58
Q

What is the the typological approach?

A

It is useful because it is a way to summarize many findings.

Personality Psych (12 decks)

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