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Criminology > Quiz 2 3-7-2016 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 3-7-2016 Flashcards

1
Q

Ernest Burgess

A

Theorized urban areas grew from their inner core toward outer areas - Concentric Zone Theory

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2
Q

Most important zone in Concentric Zone Theory

A

Zone in transition

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3
Q

Zone in transition is where

A

Newcomers settled and has highest crime

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4
Q

Parks and Burgess 5 Concentric Zones Arguments

A
  1. all cities expanded in this manner
  2. as zone become too confining, it encroaches on the next zone (invasion/dominance/succession)
  3. The closer to zone 1, the lower quality of housing
  4. Residents seek to migrate to outer zones as their economic position improves
  5. Each zone of growing city expands and eventually overruns one located closest to it
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5
Q

Concentration Effect

A
  • lack of opportunities are concentrated
  • youths living in disadvantaged neighborhoods with segregate housing
  • attend school with other minorities
  • rarely travel outside of boundaries of immediate hood
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6
Q

Structural factors affect culture of community by:

A
  • generating distintive values and beliefs
  • violence, drugs, no education, no conventional norms
  • cut of from daily routines of youths in affluent hoods
  • leads to social isolation from mainstream culture
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7
Q

Shaw & McKay Juvenile Delinquency an Urban Areas found:

A
  • Crime highest in zone in transition lowest in commuter
  • high crime persisted in zone 2 regardless of ethnic group
  • groups leaving zone 2 committed less crime than those entering
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8
Q

Cultural Social Isolationism

A
  • In socially isolated areas cultural values often develop that view violence and crime as unavoidable given the situation.
  • aka cultural disorganization
  • does not approve of violence and crime but must tolerate it
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9
Q

Culture is the acquisition of

A

Cognitive landscapes

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10
Q

Social Disorganization is linked to

A

Racial Inequality

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11
Q

If culture is weak, crime will be

A

Rampant

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12
Q

Human Ecology Theory

A
  • Symbiotic relationship

- process of invasion/dominance/succession

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13
Q

Microsystem

A

entities = family and school

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14
Q

Exosystem

A

Social institutions = mass media, parent’s employer

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15
Q

Macrosystem

A

Broader cultural system = laws

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16
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

Cause of delinquency was detachment from conventional peer group

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17
Q

Inner City Characteristics

A
  • Poverty
  • Ethnic heterogeneity
  • Mobility
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18
Q

Poverty Issue:

A

Cultural values become unimportant, not well adapted to American Dream

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19
Q

Ethic Heterogeneity Issue

A

Different cultural values side by side, no real common agreements among residents

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20
Q

Mobility Issues

A

Immigrants and different culture have no way to establish any traditions since people are alway moving in and out

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21
Q

Informal Social Control:

A

Willingness of neighborhood to police themselves (i.e. narc)

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22
Q

Causes of crime for social disorganization

A

were in the place. place matters

23
Q

Social disorganization needs strong social institutions to fight crime:

A

Politics, family and religion

24
Q

Social disorganization leads to

A
  • Weakened social control
  • Parents less able to socialize and control youth
  • Breakdown in surveillance
25
Q

Social disorganization is weakened

A

Primary social relationships

26
Q

Collective Efficacy and Crime

A
  • The willingness of community residents to
    1. exercise informal social control
    2. to trust and help one another (social cohesion)
27
Q

Sutherland’s Cultural Transmission

A

People learn to become criminals

28
Q

Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Association two main elements of theory:

A
  1. Content of what is learned or cognitive elements

2. process of what is learned or symbiotic interaction

29
Q

Sutherland and Cressey’s 9 Propositions

A
  1. Criminal behavior is learned
  2. Criminal behavior is learned through interaction process of communication
  3. Principal learning takes place with intimate personal groups
  4. learning includes techniques and direction of motives
  5. Direction of motives is learned from definitions of legal code
  6. A person becomes delinquent because an excess of definitions favorable or unfavorable towards the law
  7. Differential Associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity
  8. Process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns.
  9. Criminal behavior is expression of general needs
30
Q

Main point of Differential Association

A
  • Person becomes delinquent because an excess of definitions favorable or unfavorable towards the law
  • You are how you associate with
31
Q

Akers Social Learning Theory

A
  1. Differential Association
  2. Definitions
  3. Differential reinforcement
  4. Imitation
32
Q

Reinforcement can be

A

+ present positive

- remove averse stimuli (i.e. no homework)

33
Q

Punishment can be

A

direct + = take away aversive stimuli

indirect - = removing a positive stimuli

34
Q

Anomie Strain Theories (Merton)

A
  • Argued internal drives and motives are not implicated in a crime
  • rather, social forces pressure people to commit crime
35
Q

Anomie vs. Strain

A

Anomie is macrolevel - why some societies have higher level of crime
Strain is microlevel - why some individuals commit more crime

36
Q

Durkheim’s Anomie

A

A state of normlessness brought about by the loss of shared values and standards of behavior leading to feelings of futility

37
Q

Durkheim’s nature of crime

A

Crime is normal, is inevitable and functional

38
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

Simpler societies, everyone can do everyone else’s job, community shared beliefs and values, collective life dominates - individualism is minimal

39
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

Complex Societies (advanced division of labor), job specialization, few shared beliefs/values, individualism dominates

40
Q

4 elements which must occur simultaneously within society for strain to occur

A
  1. Cultural Universalism
  2. Institutionalized means
  3. Cultural Imbalance
  4. Stratified social structures
41
Q

Cultural Universalism

A
  • US places relatively strong emphasis on the goal of monetary success but weak emphasis on legitimate norms (education/hard work) for achieving goal
  • The goal seeking behavior of individuals is subject to less regulation .
  • Less regulation characterized by sense of anomie or normlessness
  • Free to purse monetary success using whatever means necessary
42
Q

Cultural Structure consists of

A

Goals - what people are supposed to achieve

Norms - how people achieve goals

43
Q

The Social Structure provides people with the

A

Actual means to achieve the cultural goals

44
Q

Institutionalized Means

A

Norms each culture approves for pursuing cultural goals

- in US hard work, honesty, education, deferred gratification - education and occupation = financial success

45
Q

Cultural Imbalance

A
  • Goals and means are not evenly weighted

- Causes high level of crime in US

46
Q

Class Stratification

A
  • Legitimate means (education, economic resources) to achieve valued goals are limited to certain groups
  • Gap between aspirations and goals
  • The lower the class feels the strain the most when trying to achieve wealth through institutionalized means
47
Q

Merton’s Anomie Theory

A
  • Can by used to explain the correlations between poverty and crime
  • Can help explain poverty and crime
  • Argues individuals are pressured in to crime
  • Explains why individuals/groups are more likely to commit crime
48
Q

Lower class specialization

A

Practices emphasize the success-goals but fail to underscore importance of adhering to institutionalized means

49
Q

Merton’s Five ways to adapt

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Inovation
  3. Ritualism
  4. Retreatism
  5. Rebellion
50
Q

Conformity:

A

Accept cultural goals + and legitimate means +

51
Q

Innovation:

A

Occurs when people still value the cultural goals + but reject the institutional means -
Criminal Response

52
Q

Ritualism

A

Occurs when people reject the cultural goals _ but still value the institutional means +
Non-criminal réponse

53
Q

Retreatism

A

Occurs when people reject both the cultural goals - and institutional means -
Least common

54
Q

Rebellion

A

Criminal or Non-Criminal Response
Occurs when people reject both the cultural goals - and institutional means - but substitute alternative sets of goals and means

Criminology (6 decks)

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