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Criminology > Criminology Final May 2016 > Flashcards

Criminology Final May 2016 Flashcards

1
Q

Stafford and Warr theory explains the deterrence as:

A

Phenomenon that affects everyone directly/indirectly based upon experiences with punishment and punishment avoidance

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2
Q

CLASSICAL DETERRENCE THEORY

A
  • People are rational and pursue their own interests, attempting to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain
  • Engage in crime if they believe it is to their advantage
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3
Q

GENERAL DETERRENCE (indirect)

A

Refers to the idea that punishment deters crime among people in the general population

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4
Q

Specific deterrence (direct) refers to the idea that

A

punishment reduces the crime of those specific people who are punished

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5
Q

If you learn of students you smoked pot in bathroom but were never detected or reported, you would see this as what type of reconceptualized deterrence

A

Indirect experience with punishment avoidance

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6
Q

reconceptualization is advantageous because:

A
  1. both general and specific can affect any person in any populations
  2. It distinguishes between punishment and punishment avoidance
  3. It is compatible for modern learning theory
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7
Q

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY assumes

A

offenders are rational people who seek to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain

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8
Q

BOUNDED RATIONALITY

A

Offenders are doing the best they can within the limits of time, resources, and information available to them

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9
Q

Theoretical Structure of Rational Choice Theory:

A

motivation/predisposition -> rational choice based upon situation = crime

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10
Q

FOUR RATIONAL CHOICE STAGES

A
  1. INITIAL INVOLVEMENT
  2. CRIMINAL EVENT
  3. CONTINUANCE:
  4. DESISTANCE
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11
Q

Theoretical Structure of Routine Activity Theory:

A

Crime = Criminal + Opportunity

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12
Q

Environmental Criminology

A

Crime only occurs when an offender and the opportunity to offend are both present

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13
Q

The following three elements must all coincide for a crime to take place

A
  1. motivated offender
  2. suitable target
  3. lack of guardianship
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14
Q

Characteristics of attractive targets (VIVA)

A

1 Value
2. Inertia
3. Visibility
4 Access

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15
Q

Clarke Situational Crime Prevention’s main focus

A

make crime less attractive including:

  1. reduce physical opportunities
  2. increase chance offender being caught
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16
Q

25 techniques of prevention include:

A
  1. increase effort (make harder)
  2. increase risks (security/surveilance)
  3. Reduce rewards (i.e. locked iPhone)
  4. Reduce provocation (level of strain)
  5. Remove excuses (more signage)
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17
Q

Wilson and Kelling Broken Windows Theory

A

Crime is not due to local criminogenic conditions; Rather, due to the presence of and failure to control.

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18
Q

Police response to Broken Windows Theory

A

Initiated zero tolerance policy or quality of life policing

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19
Q

3 stage development sequence broken windows theory

A
  1. disorderly people are allowed to take over public spaces
  2. Decent people become fearful and change their behavior
  3. The escalating disorder sends the message “no one cares” about how people behave
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20
Q

Theoretical Structure of Broken Windows Theory

A

Disorder -> fear of crime -> physical and social withdrawal -> breakdown in informal social control -> increase in predatory crimes = high crime rates in the neighborhood

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21
Q

According to deterrence theory, a person refrains from committing a crime if they fear:

A

The certainty, swiftness and/or severity of formal legal sanctions

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22
Q

Environmental theories are concerned about the criminality of the offenders: t/f

A

False

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23
Q

Deterrence theory and rational choice theory are modern versions of:

A

Beccaria’s classical theory

24
Q

Rational choice theory has its underlying assumption that:

A

man is rational and possesses free will

25
Q

According to Moffit, boys who are adolescent-limited commit crime due to the

A

Maturity Gap

26
Q

Moffitt’s life course persistent antisocial behavior:

A

neurological problems of children interact with criminogenic environments across development resulting in pathological personality.

27
Q

Life course persistent offenders are marked by:

A
  1. impulsivity
  2. persistent onset bad behavior
  3. exposed to criminogenic environment
  4. have early violent behavior
  5. insufficient pre-natal care
28
Q

Adolescent limited antisocial behavior:

A
  1. Age out after maturity gap or gap between social and biological maturity level is motivation for delinquency
  2. lack of consistency in offending
  3. commit crimes in groups
29
Q

Reasons for not getting involved with crime during adolescence:

A
  1. no maturity gap
  2. personal characteristics exclude from social group
  3. few opportunities to mimick
30
Q

Glueck and Glueck found that crime declined due to

A
  1. onset of maturity
  2. family was most important distinguisher
  3. Believed physique involved
  4. Termpermental traits
  5. intellectual traits
31
Q

Glueck and Gluck behavior reflecting traits:

A
  1. School attainment
  2. school misbehavior
  3. general misbehavior
  4. leisure time and companions
32
Q

Laub and Sampson: “A Theory of Persistent

Offending and Desistance from Crime Two Arguments:

A
  1. People can be caught in Pathways

2. There are Turning Points (marriage/school)

33
Q

Factors That Combine to Entrench a Child on an Anti-Social Pathway

A
  1. Individual differences
  2. Disadvantaged environments
  3. Ineffective and rejecting parenting
34
Q

Laub and Sampson Change occurs when offenders acquire

A

quality social bonds

35
Q

Prime turning point is:

A

Marriage/job

36
Q

laub Overall, offending is explained by:

A

1 individual differences
2 environmental differences
3 social interactions
4 random, chance events

37
Q

Giordano’s Four interrelated cognitive transformations (hooks for change) must occur:

A
  1. The actor’s openness for change
  2. Exposure to a hook for change
  3. The actor’s ability to envision a replacement of self
  4. Transformation in how the actor views the deviant behavior or lifestyle itself
38
Q

Developmental Theorists main proposition:

A

a dynamic process that potentially begins in childhood and occurs across the life course is indisputable

39
Q

Caused increase interest in White Collar Crime:

A

1 Vietnam, Watergate
2 Civil Rights Movement
3 Consumer and environmental movements

40
Q

Laub theory based on three hypotheses:

A
  1. early antisocial behavior linked to adult deviance
  2. childhood delinquency is tied to adult social bonding
  3. adult social bonding can affect subsequent behavior
41
Q

Giordano at al Hook for change

A
  1. offenders must have opportunities

2. must have four cognitive transformations

42
Q

White Collar Crime defined

A

crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation

43
Q

Theories behind White Collar Crime include:

A
  1. Exposure to criminal culture (Differential Association)
  2. Competitive financial world (Anomie)
  3. Opportunities to offend (Routine Activities)
  4. Decision-making by respectable offenders (Neutralization)
44
Q

Sutherland’s 3 important contributions to WCC

A

1 Introduced the idea of white collar crime
 “Crime” is not just behavior that results in an arrest
2 White collar crime does MORE damage than street crime
 Financial & social damage
 Challenged traditional criminological theories
3 Crime is not linked to the lower class (i.e. poverty, psychopathologies)

All crime = differential association and disorganization

45
Q

Examples of Crimes Against Consumers

A

1 Unsafe products
2 Antitrust violations
3 Oligopolistic market
4 Price Fixing (over $50 billion per year)

46
Q

Policies that did not work:

A
  1. scared straight boot camps

2. Labeling theory (made harder to get jobs)

47
Q

Clear (2007) believes that neighborhoods suffer from

A

High incarceration rates, removing men from community

48
Q

Clear (2007) 4 central points:

A
  1. growth of US prison system had small effect on crime
  2. growth of prisoners focused on poor minority males
  3. concentrated incarceration breaks families
  4. any attempt will involve sentencing reforms
49
Q

Which is not a turning point?

a. marriage
b. attachment to pro-social members of society
c. employment
d. none

A

attachment to pro-social members of society

50
Q

What causes desistance in adolescent limited group according to Moffit?

A

lessening of the maturity gap

51
Q

Overall Glueck found that delinquency results from the interplay between physical, temperamental, attitudinal, pscyholigical and intellection forces. t/f

A

True

52
Q

Giordano et al believed these two components are necessary for one’s desistance

A

Attachment and belief

53
Q

Lab believes argues that desistance is a process of deepening pro-social investments that gradually cuts off from criminogenic lifestyle. t/f

A

True

54
Q

According to Moffit why do LCP fail to desist

A
  1. fail to learn conventional social alternatives
  2. become ensnared in deviant lifestyle
  3. experience rejection and lack of opportunity
55
Q

timing and duration is of offending is critical aspect between adolescent limited and life course offenders. t/f

A

True

Criminology (6 decks)

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