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Criminology > Midterm 3/29/2016 > Flashcards

Midterm 3/29/2016 Flashcards

1
Q

Beccaria’s view on punishment

A
  1. Must be swift
  2. Must be known
  3. Must be sever
  4. Must be certain
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2
Q

Classical Theory Assumption of human nature:

A
  • humans are hedonistic
  • they have free will
  • behavior is result of risk/reward analysis
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3
Q

What are the limitations of the Classical thought?

A
  1. Criminals are equally motivated to commit crimes

2. Focuses on crime and not the criminals

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4
Q

What are the main assumptions of Positivism?

A
  1. must be based upon observable scientific fact
  2. Humans do not have free will
  3. Criminal behavior is predetermined
  4. Attention was drawn to criminal personality vs. act
  5. Only criminals that were incapable of reformation were to be eliminated
  6. Judges should not consider the law but the circumstantial conditions of the accused
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5
Q

Biological Theory and Positivist School Assumption of human nature:

A

Predetermined and no fee will

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6
Q

Lombroso’s typology of criminals

A
  1. Criminaloids
  2. Insane Criminals
  3. Occasional Criminals
  4. Passionate
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7
Q

Theoretical Structure of modern biological theories

A

Traits + Environmental Factors = Criminal Behavior

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8
Q

3 Somatypes

A
  1. Ectomorph (quiet)
  2. Endomorph (relaxed)
  3. Mesomorph (agressive)
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9
Q

Twin Studies Criminal Concordance Rate

A

Percentage of cases in which one twin is identified as a criminal when the other twin has already been defined as such

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10
Q

Danish Adoption Study

A

Found that biological father’s criminal involvement greatly influences child’s criminality

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11
Q

Biological Harms

A
  1. mother’s poor health during pregnancy
  2. delivery complications
  3. exposure to toxic substances (i.e. lead)
  4. head injury
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12
Q

Physiological Characteristics

A 
High Testosterone
Serotonin
Low Heart Rate
Skin Conductance
Brain Damage
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13
Q

Concentric Zones

A 
1 Central Business District
2 Zone in Transition
3. Zone of working man's homes
4. Residential Zone
5. Commuters Zone
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14
Q

Main findings of Shaw and McKay’s Study

A

Place matters

Causes of crime were in the place, zone 2 has highest

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15
Q

Inner City Characteristics

A
  • Poverty
  • Ethnic heterogeneity
  • Residential Mobility
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16
Q

Shaw and McKay’s theoretical model/structure

A

P, E, M = Social Disorg = lack of informal social control = increase in delinquent activity = transmission of delinquent values = juvenile delinquency

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17
Q

Sampson’s Collective Efficacy

A
  1. Informal Social Control

2. Social Cohesion (mutual trust)

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18
Q

Study method and findings of Sampson’s study

A
  1. Observation
  2. Interview
  3. Census Data
19
Q

Sutherland and Cressey’s 9 Propositions

A
  1. Criminal behavior is learned
  2. Criminal behavior is learned through interaction process of communication
  3. Principal learning takes place with intimate personal groups
  4. learning includes techniques and direction of motives
  5. Direction of motives is learned from definitions of legal code
  6. A person becomes delinquent because an excess of definitions favorable or unfavorable towards the law
  7. Differential Associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity
  8. Process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns.
  9. Criminal behavior is expression of general needs
20
Q

Theoretical Structure of Sampson & Wilson

A

theoretical macro force (deindustrialization/segregation) = concentrated disadvantage = weekend culture = crime

21
Q

Akers Social Learning Theory

A

Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box + / -

22
Q

Akers Social Learning Theory of Crime (4)

A
  1. differential association
  2. Definitions
  3. Differential Reinforcement
  4. Imitation
23
Q

Main point of Differential Association

A
  • Person becomes delinquent because an excess of definitions favorable or unfavorable towards the law
  • You are how you associate with
24
Q

Reinforcement can be

A

+ present positive

- remove averse stimuli (i.e. no homework)

25
Q

Punishment can be

A

direct + = take away aversive stimuli

indirect - = removing a positive stimuli

26
Q

Merton’s 4 elements which must occur simultaneously within society for strain to occur

A
  1. Cultural Universalism
  2. Institutionalized means
  3. Cultural Imbalance
  4. Stratified social structures
27
Q

Cultural Universalism

A
  • US places relatively strong emphasis on the goal of monetary success but weak emphasis on legitimate norms (education/hard work) for achieving goal
  • The goal seeking behavior of individuals is subject to less regulation .
  • Less regulation characterized by sense of anomie or normlessness
  • Free to purse monetary success using whatever means necessary
28
Q

Merton’s Anomie Theory

A
  • Can by used to explain the correlations between poverty and crime
  • Can help explain poverty and crime
  • Argues individuals are pressured in to crime
  • Explains why individuals/groups are more likely to commit crime
29
Q

What is Strain?

A

gap between goal and means = strain = crime

30
Q

Merton’s 5 modes of adaptation

A
  1. Conformity + +
  2. Inovation + -
  3. Ritualism - +
  4. Retreatism - -
  5. Rebellion +/- +/-
31
Q

Cohen’s description on the characteristics of juvenile delinquents

A
  1. Non-utiliitarian
  2. Malicious
  3. Negativistic
  4. Short-term hedonistic
32
Q

Cohen’s explanation for the formation of delinquent subculture:

A
  1. Strain in school (lower class wants middle class resources)
  2. Status frustration
33
Q

Main argument of Cloward & Ohlin

A

Delinquency is more oriented towards conspicuous consumption

Legalized means are limited

34
Q

Miller’s six focal concerns:

A
  1. Trouble
  2. Toughness
  3. Smartness
  4. Excitement
  5. Fate
  6. Autonomy
    (SAFE/TT)
35
Q

Agnew’s General Strain Theory

A

Negative emotions lead to crime

36
Q

Strains are likely to lead to crime when they are seen as:

A
  1. High in magnitude
  2. Unjust
  3. Associated with low social control
  4. Create some pressure or incentive for criminal coping
37
Q

Main difference between Merton’s and Agnew’s strain theory:

A

Merton: strain lead to crime
Agnew: strain leads to negative emotions which then lead to crime

38
Q

Main assumption of human nature for control theorists:

A
  1. Asks why people DON’T commit crime
  2. People are hedonistic
  3. its human nature to commit crime
39
Q

Hirsute four elements of social bond

A
  1. Attachment (emotional bond)
  2. Commitment (fear of consequences)
  3. Involvement (busy)
  4. Belief (morals)
40
Q

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self control theory

A

Low self control more likely to commit crime

41
Q

Sykes and Matza’s five techniques for neutralization

A
  1. Denial of responsibility (i was forced)
  2. Denial of injury (nobody got hurt)
  3. Denial of victim (rightful retaliation)
  4. Condemnation of condemners (don’t have the right)
  5. Appear to higher authority (commit crime for parent)
42
Q

Difference between Lemert’s primary and scenery deviance

A

Primary is violation, they they are labeled and then transformed into secondary

43
Q

Lemert’s diagrammed theory

A

Varied cause and influence - deviant behavior - Problematic imposition of being labeled delinquent - development of delinquent self image = self label and delinquency in a new and more serious form

44
Q

Braithwaite’s argument for re-integrative shaming

A

Crime is higher when shaming is stigmatized and lower when shaming is reintegrative

Criminology (6 decks)

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