Midterm 3/29/2016

Question 1

Beccaria’s view on punishment

Answer 1

1. Must be swift
2. Must be known
3. Must be sever
4. Must be certain

Question 2

Classical Theory Assumption of human nature:

Answer 2

• humans are hedonistic
• they have free will
• behavior is result of risk/reward analysis

Question 3

What are the limitations of the Classical thought?

Answer 3

1. Criminals are equally motivated to commit crimes

2. Focuses on crime and not the criminals

Question 4

What are the main assumptions of Positivism?

Answer 4

1. must be based upon observable scientific fact
2. Humans do not have free will
3. Criminal behavior is predetermined
4. Attention was drawn to criminal personality vs. act
5. Only criminals that were incapable of reformation were to be eliminated
6. Judges should not consider the law but the circumstantial conditions of the accused

Question 5

Biological Theory and Positivist School Assumption of human nature:

Answer 5

Predetermined and no fee will

Question 6

Lombroso’s typology of criminals

Answer 6

1. Criminaloids
2. Insane Criminals
3. Occasional Criminals
4. Passionate

Question 7

Theoretical Structure of modern biological theories

Answer 7

Traits + Environmental Factors = Criminal Behavior

Question 8

3 Somatypes

Answer 8

1. Ectomorph (quiet)
2. Endomorph (relaxed)
3. Mesomorph (agressive)

Question 9

Twin Studies Criminal Concordance Rate

Answer 9

Percentage of cases in which one twin is identified as a criminal when the other twin has already been defined as such

Question 10

Danish Adoption Study

Answer 10

Found that biological father’s criminal involvement greatly influences child’s criminality

Question 11

Biological Harms

Answer 11

1. mother’s poor health during pregnancy
2. delivery complications
3. exposure to toxic substances (i.e. lead)
4. head injury

Question 12

Physiological Characteristics

Answer 12

High Testosterone
Serotonin
Low Heart Rate
Skin Conductance
Brain Damage

Question 13

Concentric Zones

Answer 13

1 Central Business District
2 Zone in Transition
3. Zone of working man's homes
4. Residential Zone
5. Commuters Zone

Question 14

Main findings of Shaw and McKay’s Study

Answer 14

Place matters

Causes of crime were in the place, zone 2 has highest

Question 15

Inner City Characteristics

Answer 15

• Poverty
• Ethnic heterogeneity
• Residential Mobility

Question 16

Shaw and McKay’s theoretical model/structure

Answer 16

P, E, M = Social Disorg = lack of informal social control = increase in delinquent activity = transmission of delinquent values = juvenile delinquency

Question 17

Sampson’s Collective Efficacy

Answer 17

1. Informal Social Control

2. Social Cohesion (mutual trust)

Question 18

Study method and findings of Sampson’s study

Answer 18

1. Observation
2. Interview
3. Census Data

Question 19

Sutherland and Cressey’s 9 Propositions

Answer 19

1. Criminal behavior is learned
2. Criminal behavior is learned through interaction process of communication
3. Principal learning takes place with intimate personal groups
4. learning includes techniques and direction of motives
5. Direction of motives is learned from definitions of legal code
6. A person becomes delinquent because an excess of definitions favorable or unfavorable towards the law
7. Differential Associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity
8. Process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns.
9. Criminal behavior is expression of general needs

Question 20

Theoretical Structure of Sampson & Wilson

Answer 20

theoretical macro force (deindustrialization/segregation) = concentrated disadvantage = weekend culture = crime

Question 21

Akers Social Learning Theory

Answer 21

Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box + / -

Question 22

Akers Social Learning Theory of Crime (4)

Answer 22

1. differential association
2. Definitions
3. Differential Reinforcement
4. Imitation

Question 23

Main point of Differential Association

Answer 23

• Person becomes delinquent because an excess of definitions favorable or unfavorable towards the law
• You are how you associate with

Question 24

Reinforcement can be

Answer 24

+ present positive

- remove averse stimuli (i.e. no homework)

Question 25

Punishment can be

Answer 25

direct + = take away aversive stimuli | indirect - = removing a positive stimuli

Question 26

Merton's 4 elements which must occur simultaneously within society for strain to occur

Answer 26

1. Cultural Universalism 2. Institutionalized means 3. Cultural Imbalance 4. Stratified social structures

Question 27

Cultural Universalism

Answer 27

- US places relatively strong emphasis on the goal of monetary success but weak emphasis on legitimate norms (education/hard work) for achieving goal - The goal seeking behavior of individuals is subject to less regulation . - Less regulation characterized by sense of anomie or normlessness - Free to purse monetary success using whatever means necessary

Question 28

Merton's Anomie Theory

Answer 28

- Can by used to explain the correlations between poverty and crime - Can help explain poverty and crime - Argues individuals are pressured in to crime - Explains why individuals/groups are more likely to commit crime

Question 29

What is Strain?

Answer 29

gap between goal and means = strain = crime

Question 30

Merton's 5 modes of adaptation

Answer 30

1. Conformity + + 2. Inovation + - 3. Ritualism - + 4. Retreatism - - 5. Rebellion +/- +/-

Question 31

Cohen's description on the characteristics of juvenile delinquents

Answer 31

1. Non-utiliitarian 2. Malicious 3. Negativistic 4. Short-term hedonistic

Question 32

Cohen's explanation for the formation of delinquent subculture:

Answer 32

1. Strain in school (lower class wants middle class resources) 2. Status frustration

Question 33

Main argument of Cloward & Ohlin

Answer 33

Delinquency is more oriented towards conspicuous consumption | Legalized means are limited

Question 34

Miller's six focal concerns:

Answer 34

1. Trouble 2. Toughness 3. Smartness 4. Excitement 5. Fate 6. Autonomy (SAFE/TT)

Question 35

Agnew's General Strain Theory

Answer 35

Negative emotions lead to crime

Question 36

Strains are likely to lead to crime when they are seen as:

Answer 36

1. High in magnitude 2. Unjust 3. Associated with low social control 4. Create some pressure or incentive for criminal coping

Question 37

Main difference between Merton's and Agnew's strain theory:

Answer 37

Merton: strain lead to crime Agnew: strain leads to negative emotions which then lead to crime

Question 38

Main assumption of human nature for control theorists:

Answer 38

1. Asks why people DON'T commit crime 2. People are hedonistic 3. its human nature to commit crime

Question 39

Hirsute four elements of social bond

Answer 39

1. Attachment (emotional bond) 2. Commitment (fear of consequences) 3. Involvement (busy) 4. Belief (morals)

Question 40

Gottfredson and Hirschi's self control theory

Answer 40

Low self control more likely to commit crime

Question 41

Sykes and Matza's five techniques for neutralization

Answer 41

1. Denial of responsibility (i was forced) 2. Denial of injury (nobody got hurt) 3. Denial of victim (rightful retaliation) 4. Condemnation of condemners (don't have the right) 5. Appear to higher authority (commit crime for parent)

Question 42

Difference between Lemert's primary and scenery deviance

Answer 42

Primary is violation, they they are labeled and then transformed into secondary

Question 43

Lemert's diagrammed theory

Answer 43

Varied cause and influence - deviant behavior - Problematic imposition of being labeled delinquent - development of delinquent self image = self label and delinquency in a new and more serious form

Question 44

Braithwaite's argument for re-integrative shaming

Answer 44

Crime is higher when shaming is stigmatized and lower when shaming is reintegrative