Quiz 2

Question 1

Coccus “berry”

Answer 1

round, spherical

Question 2

Diplococci

Answer 2

Cocci in pairs

Question 3

Neisseriae

Answer 3

coffee-bean shape in pairs

Question 4

Tetrads

Answer 4

cocci in packets of 4

Question 5

Sarcinae “package”

Answer 5

cocci in packets of 8,16,32 cells

Question 6

Streptococci “chain”

Answer 6

cocci in chains

Question 7

Staphylococci “bunch of grapes”

Answer 7

large cocci in irregular clusters

Question 8

Why are single-celled organisms typically so small?

Answer 8

increases the surface area to volume ratio

Question 9

Proteins unique to bacteria

Answer 9

MinD, ParA

Question 10

Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

Answer 10

ribosomal binding site in bacteria, the first AUG after the Shine Dalgarno sequence is translated

Question 11

Nucleoid

Answer 11

chromosomal DNA, circular, double-stranded

Question 12

Plasmid

Answer 12

independent DNA molecule, small circular, double-stranded, transmit from one bacterium to another

Question 13

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Answer 13

Ftz, ParA, MinD, MreB

Question 14

Cytoplasmic inclusions

Answer 14

Glycogen, Magnetosomes, Gas Vacuoles

Question 15

Bacterial ribosomes

Answer 15

16S rRNA

Question 16

Bacterial Membrane Lipids

Answer 16

do not include cholesterol, hopanoid-containing lipids

Question 17

Cells that live in extreme environments where many nutrients are lacking, like many Archaeans, would likely use passive transport to move nutrients into the cell?

Answer 17

False, active transport to maintain concentration gradient

Question 18

Group translocation

Answer 18

chemical alteration of a molecule once brought into the cell, tricks the concentration gradient and keeps the molecule in the cell

Question 19

Siderophores

Answer 19

some substances are really tricky to bring into the cell, like iron, complexes bind iron and allow its transport through the cell membrane

Question 20

Group Translocation Phosphorylation

Answer 20

PEP -> Pyruvate
EI -> EI-P
HPr -> HPr-P

Question 21

Iron uptake

Answer 21

key in building cytochromes

Question 22

Gram-Negative

Answer 22

Lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane, peptidoglycan, then cytoplasmic membrane

Question 23

Gram-Positive

Answer 23

Large layer of peptidoglycan, then cytoplasmic membrane

Question 24

Gram-Positive Stain

Answer 24

Purple

Question 25

Gram-Negative Stain

Answer 25

Pink

Question 26

Gram-Staining Method

Answer 26

Fixation, Crystal Violet, Iodine, Decolorization, Counter stain with Safranin

Question 27

2 sugar derivatives

Answer 27

NAG & NAM

Question 28

Lysozyme

Answer 28

found in egg shells, degrades the beta (1,4) glycosidic linkage between NAM and NAG

Question 29

Penicillin

Answer 29

inactivates the transpeptidase enzyme responsible for cross-linking the amino acid chains in peptidoglycan

Question 30

Why does Gram-Positive bacteria retain the purple crystal violet stain after decolorization?

Answer 30

Iodine, crystal violet, and peptido-complexes are not as strong when the peptidoglycan layer is really thin in gram-negatives (thick layer in positive holds color)

Question 31

Cell-wall inhibitors

Answer 31

work better for gram positive (no second layer), because the peptidoglycan layer is really thick and harder it falls, and they only have a singular membrane

Question 32

thicker layer of peptidoglycan

Answer 32

more susceptible to beta-lactams, teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

Question 33

Gram-Negative Outer Layer

Answer 33

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 34

LPS

Answer 34

membrane carbohydrate in gram-negative bacteria, contains a toxin called lipid A, contributes to negative charge, stabilizes membrane, thwart host defense

Question 35

LPS Toll receptor

Answer 35

TLR4

Question 36

Flagellin Toll receptor

Answer 36

TLR5

Question 37

Acid Fast Bacterial Cell Walls

Answer 37

Contain mycotic acid, waxy, acids/alcohols, affects staining properties, Tb/leprae, thinner layer of peptidoglycan

Question 38

Acid-Fast Staining

Answer 38

Primary stain, heat fix, decolorize, methylene blue, rinse

Question 39

Bacterial Capsules

Answer 39

sugar shell, layer of polysaccharides, slime layers, diffuse, irregular

Question 40

Biofilms

Answer 40

layer of polysaccharides, slime, bind to other bacteria

Question 41

Concavity Slides

Answer 41

Puts water droplet in cavity, similar to wet-mount, but better visualization of moving cells

Question 42

Fimbriae

Answer 42

hair-like appendages, adhesive, involved in biofilm formation, bind to host cell

Question 43

Flagellum

Answer 43

Long, primary mechanism of motility, spin mechanism

Question 44

Pili

Answer 44

Not for motility, long, horizontal gene transfer, adhesive properties

Question 45

Gram Neg Flagellum

Answer 45

C,MS,P,L rings

Question 46

Monotrichous

Answer 46

Bacilus, one flagellum

Question 47

Lophotrichous

Answer 47

Clustered flagella at one pole

Question 48

Peritrichous

Answer 48

Flagella everywhere

Question 49

Type III Secretion

Answer 49

Pump flagellum subunits to build flagellum

Question 50

Random Walk

Answer 50

No stimulus

Question 51

Chemotaxis

Answer 51

Positive stimulus towards chemical, not direct, runs (long), tumbles (short)

Question 52

Bound to attractant =

Answer 52

Counter clockwise (run)

Question 53

Not bound =

Answer 53

Clockwise (tumble)

Question 54

CheA phosphorylation

Answer 54

CheY/CheB -> flagellum